Exam 2 Flashcards
metastases
spreading of tissue invasion
cancer
transformation or change in cells
ACS lifetime risk: men versus women
1 in 2 men
1 in 3 women
estimated new cases of cancer: percentages of men
prostate 27%
lung and bronchus 14%
colon and rectum 8%
estimated new cases of cancer: percentages of women
breast 29%
lung and bronchus 14%
colon and rectum 8%
estimated deaths: % of men
lung and bronchus 28%
prostate 10%
colon and rectum 8%
estimated deaths: % of women
lung and bronchus 26%
breast 15%
colon and rectum 9%
oncogenesis
process of formation of tumors or cancer
study of formation of tumors has led to the understanding that:
oncogenes transform normal cells into malignant cells
can be independent or, current theory, is that this is done with a virus
oncogenes
CA causing genes
tumor-suppressor genes
suppress oncogenes from causing transformation
carcinogenesis
process of normal cell becoming malignant
tumor (neoplasm)
abnormal mass of tissue
characteristics of a tumor (neoplasm)
- no useful purpose
- may harm host
- growth usually exceeds normal tissue growth and continues after stimulus that triggered change has ceased
- benign or malignant
- primary or secondary
where do carcinomas arise from?
epithelial cells
where do sarcomas arise from?
mesenchymal tissues
where do lymphomas arise from?
lymph tissue
where do adenocarcinomas arise from?
glandular tissues
how do benign differ from malignant?
differentiation and anaplasia
rate of growth
local invasion
metastasis
what is differentiation
process of cells changing as they develop into different tissues
-extent to which cells resemble normal cells
- benign closely mimic
- malignant cells differ widely in extent of differentiation
what is anaplasia
lack of differentiation
- poor differentiation is hallmark of malignancy
- poorly differentiated (anapestic) tumors show complete disarray of tissue architecture
what is dysplasia
disorderly but non-neoplastic growth (may reverse or progress to malignancy)
highly marked lesion -> pre-invasive neoplasm
what is metaplasia
mild or early dysplasia
what is hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
normal or abnormal - e.g., breast tissue in pregnancy. bone healing