Exam 2

Question 1

Dr. Harris conducts an experiment on psychophysics using participants above age 65. Because he cannot include all persons above age 65 in his experiment, he selects a _________ of participants for his experiment.

Answer 1

sample

Question 2

College students used most often because …

Answer 2

they are accessible

Question 3

Differences of role from general population that affect external validity

Answer 3

volunteer bias

Question 4

Researchers may use deception to

Answer 4

create interesting situations not likely to occur naturally and then study reactions and to study aspects of behavior that can only be observed if person is caught off guard.

Question 5

Misrepresenting purposes of research, false statements to participants, and use of pseudosubjects=

Answer 5

active deception

Question 6

Research on role playing as an alternative to deception has found that

Answer 6

role-playing participants behave differently from deceived participants.

Question 7

Obtaining informed consent from research participants is a process that involves

Answer 7

informing a participant about the research and obtaining consent to participate in the research

Question 8

Which of the following reflects the main point(s) of the Nuremberg Code?

Answer 8

Participation in research must be voluntary. Frivolous research is unethical. People should not be subjected to research procedures if information can be acquired in another way.

Question 9

When, after your participants have served in a study, you explain to them the methods used in the study, including any deception, you are_____ your participants.

Answer 9

debriefing

Question 10

The declaration of Helskinki

Answer 10

all of these—specifically addressed medical research, but embodied principles that apply to research in the social sciences; included a principle stating that research must be reviewed by an independent group of individuals who will ensure that the research protocol adheres to accepted ethical standards. Included a principle stating that medical researchers are obligated to product the heath, welfare, and dignity of research participants

Question 11

______ operationally define what behaviors are recorded during observation periods.

Answer 11

behavioral categories

Question 12

IN an observational study of the behavior of monkey sin a zoo, you count the number of behaviors that occur within a given time interval. This is the ________ method of quantifying behavior.

Answer 12

frequency

Question 13

In an observational study of the behavior of children in a day care center, you record how long a particular behavior lasts. This is the _________ method of quantifying behavior.

Answer 13

duration

Question 14

Which of the following would be an example of the intervals method of quantifying behavior?

Answer 14

Dividing the observation time into discrete periods and recording whether or mot a behavior occurs within each period.

Question 15

In an observational study of patients in a psychiatric ward, you alternate 5-minute periods of observation with 5-minute periods of recording behavior. This is an example of _______ sampling.

Answer 15

time

Question 16

When you have multiple observers, why should you check for interrator reliability?

Answer 16

All: establishing interrator reliability helps ensure that your observers are accurate and can reproduce your procedures. You can check to see that your observers meet some standard that you have established. You can detect and correct any problems with additional observer training.

Question 17

Observer bias occurs when…

Answer 17

observers know the goals of a study or the hypotheses being tested.

Question 18

When conducting an ethnographic study as a participant observer,….

Answer 18

you act as a functioning member of the group.

Question 19

Naturalistic observation and ethnography are both…

Answer 19

purely descriptive; therefore causal relationships cannot be established.

Question 20

On a questionnaire, Dr. Jones asked participants to answer the following question: “What do you think about the engineering of food crops?” This is a(n)_______ question.

Answer 20

open-ended

Question 21

A drawback to an open ended question is that….

Answer 21

the responses obtained may be difficult to code and analyze.

Question 22

The multiple choice questions on this quiz are_______ items

Answer 22

restricted

Question 23

The following item from a questionnaire is an example of a________ item:
The next car that I buy is most likely to be made by
–Ford
–General Motors
–Chrysler
–Other ____________

Answer 23

partially open-ended

Question 24

The advantage of restricted items over open-ended items is that…

Answer 24

restricted items control the participant’s range of responses

Question 25

A drawback of restricted items is that…

Answer 25

the information obtained is not as “rich” as the information obtained with an open-ended item.

Question 26

To write good survey items, you should:

Answer 26

use simple words rather than complex; make the stem of a question short and easy to understand, but use complete sentences; avoid vague questions in favor of more precise ones

Question 27

A technique used to handle questions asking for sensitive information is to…

Answer 27

place objectionable questions after less objectionable ones, perhaps even at the end of the questionnaire.

Question 28

The first step in designing a questionnaire is to…

Answer 28

clearly define the topic of your study.

Question 29

A _____ effect is evident when most people who take a survey with dichotomous response options (e.g., Yes/No) endorse “No”.

Answer 29

floor

Question 30

A design in which different subjects are randomly assigned to the various groups in the experiment is a ________ design.

a) single-subject
b) matched groups
c) within-subjects
d) between-subjects

Answer 30

between-subjects

Question 31

In an experiment on the effects of alcohol on memory, participants are first tested after
drinking a nonalcoholic beverage and then tested again after drinking an alcoholic
beverage. This is an example of a ________ design.
a) single-subject
b) matched groups
c) within-subjects
d) between-subjects

Answer 31

within-subjects

Question 32

The presence of error variance

a) makes it easier to determine if your independent variable was effective
b) makes it difficult to determine if your independent variable was effective
c) increases the external validity of an experiment
d) increases the internal validity of an experiment

Answer 32

makes it difficult to determine if your independent variable was effective

Question 33

In a ________ design, you assign subjects to one of two groups on a purely random basis.

a) randomized two-group
b) matched pairs
c) demonstration
d) all of these

Answer 33

randomized two-group

Question 34

If you vary the quantity of a drug administered to subjects by using 10 mg, 20 mg, and
40 mg, you are using a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ design.
a) parametric
b) nonparametric
c) multifactor
d) both a and c

Answer 34

parametric

Question 35

In a matched groups design, after selecting a sample of subjects, you
a) randomly assign subjects to your groups.
b) select only the most intelligent subjects for inclusion in your research.
c) match pairs of subjects on some measured characteristic (e.g., intelligence), then
randomly assign one member of each pair to the experimental group and the other to
the control group.
d) none of the above

Answer 35

match pairs of subjects on some measured characteristic (e.g., intelligence), then
randomly assign one member of each pair to the experimental group and the other to
the control group.

Question 36

Although you can use matching with a single-factor multigroup design, it may not be advisable because

a) matching on more than one variable is usually impossible.
b) subjects cannot complete enough measures to make matching worthwhile.
c) it becomes difficult to find three or more subjects that can be matched.
d) all of these

Answer 36

it becomes difficult to find three or more subjects that can be matched.

Question 37

Within-subjects designs cope with the problem of error variance by

a) matching subjects prior to random assignment to conditions.
b) treating each individual as a separate unit in the statistical analysis of the data.
c) using the same subjects in all treatment conditions.
d) using different subjects in each treatment condition.

Answer 37

using the same subjects in all treatment conditions.

Question 38

One important reason why within-subjects designs are not more popular than they are is that

a) they are unable to deal with error variance.
b) independent variables are more difficult to manipulate in a within-subjects design than in a between-subjects design.
c) there is a loss of power when a within-subjects design is adopted.
d) there is the potential for carryover effects.

Answer 38

there is the potential for carryover effects

Question 39

Carryover effects are:

a) easy to eliminate.
b) potential problems in both between-subjects and within-subjects designs.
c) potential problems only in within-subjects designs.
d) not a serious problem in either between-subjects or within-subjects designs.

Answer 39

potential problems only in within-subjects designs.