Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Growth & Motor Development > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How do osteoblasts become osteocytes?

A

Other osteoblasts start to build bone over them and they get stuck in the matrix of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are concentric rings?

A

They are compact bone being formed around blood vessels that have osteocytes in trapped between their layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is spongy/trabecular bone?

A

Less dense bone that does not aid with support against forces. This type of bone is usually broken down for calcium when the body has low levels. It also has osteoblasts cells all over its outer layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Cartilage cells that formed from random tissue being compacted together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does a cavity in the bone form?

A

Chondrocytes starts to undergo program death and form a cavity. Blood vessels then enter cavity and bring osteoclast and osteoblasts cells with them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the epiphysis growth plate composed of?

A

Chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between epiphysis and diaphysis?

A

Epiphysis is the ends of the bone and diaphysis is the shaft of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is the second ossification center located?

A

In epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

It is the site where developing long bone occurs, mechanism for bone getting longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does cartilage turn into bone?

A
  1. Reserve bone: where Chondrocytes are resting
  2. Chondrocytes starts to divide rapidly
  3. Cells hypertrophy (grow)
  4. Cells are calcified in growth plate
  5. Cells then enter metaphysis where they encounter blood vessels and ossification/mineralization occurs (turn into bone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In what fashion is bone built?

A

Born is built towards the center and then osteoclast and osteoblasts shape the bone in the metaphysis to make it longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes growth plates to disappear?

A

Hormone slows that causes the division of Chondrocytes to slow, meanwhile osteoblast is converting all Chondrocytes into bone faster than Chondrocytes are dividing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does bone get longer?

A

Read portion from outside and building it inside in upward direction of the metaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the youngest and oldest part of the bone located?

A

Metaphysis outer layer is the youngest.

Middle of the shaft is the oldest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Growth stages of bone

A
  1. Cartilage on outside
  2. Periosteum layer would start to form
  3. Cartilage cells would hypertrophy and ossification would begin
  4. Primary and second ossification centers form
  5. Growth plates form
  6. Growth plates disappear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ossification in newborns

A

Ossification gets going during week of embryo and then week after birth ossification quickly speeds up to form metacarpals and skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the outside layer of the bone called?

A

Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When does the primary ossification center appear?

A

During gustation in the diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When do the secondary ossification centers appear?

A

Appear after birth in epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When do growth plates disappear in long bone?

A

Late adolescence or earl adulthood (not all bones are the same) arms can still be growing when legs stopped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

White fat tissue

A

Thy are not thermogenic. Contributes to internal and subcutaneous fat and has important metabolic functions. Produces hormone derivatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is leptin?

A

Helps regulate entry to puberty and is produced by adipocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do adipocytes grow?

A

First few years, they increase in diameter by hypertrophy. As we get older adipocyte cells start to divide through hyperplasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is fat mass?

A

All sources of adipose tissue (fat). This fat is found underneath skin and around organs
Due to F=ma. As fat mass increases acceleration decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is fat free mass?

A

All organs, blood, and water (everything but fat). This correlates with the body’s ability to produce force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does MUSCLE grow? ( not adipocytes)

A

First year, hyperplasia and thoughout life it then grows in diameter through hypertrophy (opposite from adipocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does estrogen effect fat mass?

A

Estrogen encourages fat deposition therefore increases fat mass. That’s why females tend to have higher fat mass than males. Testosterone has opposite effect ( burns fat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Trend of percent fat overtime

A

High when first born (Hugh subcutaneous levels when baby, hence fat babies). It then decreases during childhood because we are gaining fat free mass faster than fat mass). During puberty girls increases due to estrogen and males increase with girls until puberty two years later where it decreases due to testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Trend of fat and fat free mass

A

Fat mass increases throughout childhood and plateaus in boys during puberty. Fat free mass increases throughout childhood and plateaus in females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Vein appearances in babies compared to children

A

Subcutaneous fat high in babies hard to find veins.

Subcutaneous drops dramatically through childhood and veins are easier to find

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

HOW DOES INTERNAL FAT GROW THROUGHOUT LIFE?

A

IT STEADILY INCREASES THROUGHOUT LIFE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How long is normal human gustation?

A

40 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is hyaline membrane disease?

A

Lungs cannot inflate by themselves due to prematurity because they lack surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 3 different zones of the lung?

A

Conductive: conduct gas to and from the lung (arteries, veins, airways)
Respiratory: where gas exchange occurs (alveoli)
Transitional: oxygen and co2 end up in the capillaries (capillaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How many times does bronchi branch before reaching respiratory zone?

A
  1. And then 7 more times within respiratory zone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the purpose of bronchi?

A

They keep junk out of our lungs, covered in cilia that beat up bacteria. Meant to keep lungs clean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE NEEDS TO BE WHAT FOR OXYGEN TO REACH BLOOD CELLS?

A

EXTREMELY THIN!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are type II cells?

A

They have lamellar bodies that secrete surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When does the lung start to develop alveoli?

A

36 weeks. Before these are formed viable decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the four stages of lung development?

A
  1. Embryonic
  2. Pseudo glandular
  3. Canicular
  4. Saccular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What occurs in the embryonic stage?

A

Start to form the first and second generation of bronchi, larynx forms, mesenchyme tissue surround airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What occurs in the pseudo glandular stage?

A

Finish forming transitional zone. has glandular appearance and lung is expanding in size. Has loose mesenchyme cells growing around bronchi. BABIES ARE UNVIABLE UNTIL CAPILLARIES ARE FORMED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What occurs in the canalicular stage?

A

Mesenchyme cells will start to give rise to capillaries. For the first time have a structure that holds airs. AT THE END OF THIS STAGE BABIES ARE POSSIBLY VIABLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

When do babies become viable?

A

After canicular stage when capillaries have formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What occurs in the saccular stage?

A

Capillaries are forming still but at not close to each other yet, they are starting to migrate to epithelial membrane, so oxygen can be diffused.
ALVEOLI STILL HAVE NOT FORMED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How are alveoli formed?

A

Budding new septum from capillaries. Between each alveolus there are two layers of capillaries that result from septa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How do capillaries increase oxygen diffusion rate?

A

The interstitial fluid between two capillaries will cause them to fuse and create on capillary that is capable of diffusing oxygen through all sides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the 4 challenges premature babies face?

A
  1. Poor alveolar growth and thick membrane
  2. Poor surfactant production
  3. Poor respiratory control and responsiveness
  4. High pulmonary resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the 3 factors that diffusion depends on?

A

Concentration
Distance
Cross-sectional area
In premature babies we can only increase the concentration of air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

Since water is very polar and bonds to itself it has a high tension. Water causes tension on alveoli and they collapse when surfactant is not available. It reduces liquid tension between the two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Alveologenesis

A

Thinning of the interstitial layers by apoptosis so that two capillaries merge into one. Cells also differentiate to produce surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What causes bronchi pulmonary dysplasia

A

Only occurs in premature babies due to a disruption in alveoli growth mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Risks of BPD

A

Mortality decreases with maturity between canalicular and saccular stage. Remember that babies are unviable before canalicular stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Results of BPD

A

Hypoxemia (low concentrations of oxygen in the blood), difficulties eating, increase risk of respiratory infections, asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How are chemoreceptors different in premature babies?

A

Their development is suppressed and therefore cannot sense changes in arterial oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Premature babies breathing patterns

A

Have periodic apneas that result in arterial oxygen desaturation that effect brain development. Brain isn’t signaling breathing correctly. Will eventually grow out of it with no supplemental oxygen. High risk of dying from SIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Why can premature babies not travel to different altitudes?

A

Their chemoreceptors cannot sense the different oxygen levels and they will not be able to change breathing patterns. Supplemental oxygen also prevents chemoreceptors from fully developing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A

Malformation of the diaphragm hat allows the organs of the abdomen to move into the chest. This results from mesenchyme tissue not explaining in pseudo glandular stage and prevents lung from growing fully

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Heart abnormalities in premature babies?

A

Pulmonary veins do not reattach to left atrium instead they attach to super vena cava preventing blood from the lung from reaching the systemic circulation.

60
Q

Framenal valve

A

Window between atriums that allow exchangement of blood between both atriums to relieve high blood pressure. Close after birth

61
Q

Ductus Interiosous

A

Connection between pulmonary artery and aorta. Allows blood to reach systemic circulation. Close after birth

62
Q

Adipocyte cell division is greater in males or females?

A

Females

63
Q

Trends of fat free and fat mass in females and males

A

Both increase throughout life but fat free mass accumulates faster than fat mass. And faster in males than females. More fat mass in females and more fat free mass in females

64
Q

Why does percent fat decrease in childhood?

A

Because we are gaining fat free mass a lot faster than regular fat

65
Q

Subcutaneous fat trends in females and males

A

In first years it increases for both genders (chubby babies). Then dramatically decreases on childhood as we quickly gain fat free mass (kids get thinner). And then it increases for girls as they enter puberty and boys follow same trend until they enter puberty two years later and then they decrease

66
Q

Fat trends in puberty stages

A

Girls are gaining fat and boys are losing fat

67
Q

Boys subcutaneous fat in extremities and trunk

A

Subcutaneous fat decreases in extremities but continues to increase in the trunk during puberty. Ratios increases because losing so much fat in their extremities

68
Q

Females subcutaneous fat in extremities and trunk

A

Continues to increase over life, so ratio has a pretty constant slope

69
Q

Heart size is proportional to what?

A

Fat free mass because those tissues need oxygen pumped to them by heart

70
Q

Which side of the heart deals with oxygenated blood

A

The left ventricle and aorta pump out oxygenated blood and the vena cava is returning deoxygenated blood to the lungs

71
Q

How does blood move in normal heart?

A

Deoxygenated blood is emptied into the right side of the heart by the vena cava and then pulmonary arteries into the lungs.
Then that oxygenated blood goes into pulmonary veins and into the left side of the heart and then into aorta and rest of body

72
Q

How does blood move in a baby?

A

Oxygenated blood from umbilical vein goes up to inferior vena cava and into right side of heart. Then instead of going to pulmonary trunk it goes into left atrium through formanel valve. Little window between atriums

73
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Where oxygenated blood from umbilical vein goes through a bypass so that it doesn’t need to get filtered by liver

74
Q

Ductus arteriousous

A

Connection between pulmonary trunk and arch of aorta where oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix.

75
Q

Do males or females tend to have a higher heart volume?

A

Males because they have a higher fat free mass.

76
Q

Why does heart rate decrease with age?

A

Because heart valves get bigger so heart doesn’t have to work as hard when you get grow. Bigger heart valves create higher stroke volumes

77
Q

Why do boys have higher systolic and diastolic pressures?

A

Because boys have more resistance than females. They have more capillaries that create resistance for their fat free mass.

78
Q

Where are nuclei located on muscle fibers?

A

Located on the periphery because contractile filaments are densely assembled throughout the center of the fiber

79
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

They are a muscle unit that consist of sarcomeres that are attached to each other in a series

80
Q

How many muscle fibers can a motor neuron stimulate?

A

Only a given type of motor neuron can stimulate a given type of fiber. One type will not control two different types of fibers

81
Q

A muscle that is recruited a lot is most likely what type of fiber?

A

Type I, slow twitch, these muscles are resistance to fatigue ex: posture muscles. (Glycolysis are fast twitching fibers)

82
Q

Steps for a muscle to contract

A
  1. Release neurotransmitter (AcH) into synaptic cleft
  2. Receptors on fibers must respond
  3. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors and ion channels open.
  4. Huge influx of sodium rushes in and few potassium fuse outward.
  5. Membrane becomes slightly positive (depolarizes) and calcium is released into contracting filament
83
Q

4 major phases of muscle development?

A
  1. Axonal outgrowth
  2. Myogenesis (cell decides to be a muscle)
  3. Synaptogenesis (formation of synapses)
  4. Synapse elimination (eliminates extra neuromuscular connections)
84
Q

Skeletal muscle develops from what type of cell layer?

A

Mesoderm, it also forms the notochord. The notochord also elicits signals that are critical for the formation of the neural tube and spinal cord

85
Q

What are somites?

A

Around 30 days, somites are formed from mesoderm and are on either side of neural tube. They will develop into vertebrae abs skeletal muscle

86
Q

What are precursor cells?

A

Theses are undifferentiated cells that can decide to be muscle and migrate to specific locations where muscle will develop. Precursor cells found in adult muscles are called satellite cells

87
Q

How does a precursor cell become a muscle fiber?

A

It is exposed to myogenic factors. First myoD and Myrf5 tell the cell to become a muscle cell (determination). Then the cell is exposed to mfr4 and myogenin that tell cell to become certain type of fiber (differentiation)

88
Q

Synaptogenesis of a precursor cell?

A

Acetylcholine receptors are located all over immature muscle fiber, so upon synaptogenesis, expression of those receptors becomes specific to a certain region.

89
Q

Synaptic elimination in precursor cell

A

2-6 motor neurons may form synapses with immature muscle fiber, but during synapse elimination the most efficient neuron is only one that is kept others are eliminated

90
Q

An interneuron that is attaching a small and big diameter axon is stimulated. What are the effects?

A

The smaller neuron is stimulate easier and faster , more frequency and will most likely be a slow twitch fiber. The bigger neuron will take more energy to stimulate and will not be stimulated as much and will therefore be a fast twitch fiber

91
Q

How are muscle fiber types determined?

A

Primarily by the pattern of its stimulate and recruitment. By the type of neuron it is attached to. It neuron stimulated a lot likely will be type I

92
Q

Why are babies born with missing muscles?

A

Failure of the cervical somites to differentiate

93
Q

What is centeronuclear myopathies?

A

Caused by mutation in several genes associated with differentiation of myotubes in muscle fibers. Nuclei will be in the middle of fiber where it shouldn’t be. Causes weakness

94
Q

How is Cardiac output is calculated?

A

Heart rate * stroke volume (strike volume increased with age)

95
Q

Red blood cell count in males and females

A

Blood count is the same for both sexes. Increases in males during puberty because their dramatic increase in fat free mass

96
Q

Hematocrite

A

Percentage of red blood cells in blood. High in neonatal babies decreases in childhood and increases in adolescence

97
Q

LDL and HDL ratios in females and males

A

Constant in females and males until males reach puberty it increases. Females stay the same. Males are at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases

98
Q

How are some ways you can determine a persons chronological age?

A

Skeletal system
Secondary sexual characteristics (no sensitivity prior to puberty)
Somatic boys maturation
First menstrual cycle

99
Q

Tanners 5 stage secondary sexual characteristics chart

A
  1. Pre adolescence
    2-3. Based on physical appearance
  2. Adult
    Used a lot in research, a lot easier to use than taking measurements of blood, very qualitative and subjective
100
Q

Somatic body maturation

A

example: age at peak height or weight velocity. Should correlate with skeletal age data. Peak strength sort occurs after puberty!!

101
Q

Average age to enter puberty and peak height velocity

A

Girls: 8.5 puberty/11.4 height
Boys: 2 years after (have height peak velocities

102
Q

Testosterone anabolic or catabolic

A

Anabolic

103
Q

What is the pattern of limb growth for height?

A
  1. Legs grow before trunk
  2. Lower limbs before upper limbs
  3. Distal before proximal
    (Growth of body is not proportional to all parts)
    (Coordination skills are NOT lost)
104
Q

When does peak weight gain appear?

A

Typically 6 months after peak height velocity. there are NO peaks growths after weight gain velocity.

105
Q

Experiment of MZ and DZ twins to show the role of genes

A

Have to compare MZ in same environment to DZ twins in same environment and show that DZ twins have a lower correlation than MZ twins. We need to compare both to make sure it’s not just the environment that is causing peak height velocities to be similar but that it’s due to genes

106
Q

MZ vs DZ twins stature correlations

A

MZ twins always have a higher correlation than DZ twins for heights. DZ start to have higher correlations around adolescence

107
Q

People with XXX,XXY, XYY chromosomes. Height compared to normal

A

The more chromosomes you had the taller you were compared to normal. More Ys gave a higher height too!so XYY was taller than XY and XXY. If person suffered from illness after it was cured growth made up for the lost time. Those with less chromosomes were shorter than average!!

108
Q

Correlation for age of menarche in MZ DZ sisters and mothers

A

Height correlation for MZ>DZ>sisters>mom-daughter

109
Q

Correlations in sexual maturation for DZ and MZ

A

Very small differences in ages for sexual maturation In MZ twins. and large differences in DZ twins

110
Q

Skeletal maturation for twins

A

Very small differences in age for MZ and large differences for DZ.

111
Q

Fat correlations in twins

A

correlations are low for both because fat is so influenced by environmental factors. Abdominal-subcutaneous fat is heritable and has higher correlations in MZ than DZ

112
Q

Workout correlations between twins and relatives

A

Adopted siblings have no correlations. Brothers and sisters higher, DZ higher and MZ highest. Still not has high as other traits. That is because workout is not strongly controlled by genes

113
Q

Family aggregation of the response to training

A

If you are born into a family that has a agent for higher vo2 max your chances for having that same trait are higher than average. But does not mean you will have same correlation as parent or sibling

114
Q

Work output in twins correlation

A

The correlation for MZ is higher than DZ TWINs! There is a genetic cause for anaerobic metabolism

115
Q

Inheritability for anaerobic and aerobic metabolism

A

High correlation in MZ twins for anaerobic. Not Inheritability for septic metabolism

116
Q

Vo2 max correlations

A

No difference in correlations between DZ and MZ. There is not strong genetic inheritable for aerobic metabolism

117
Q

Endocrine vs paracrine

A

Endocrine- gland secretes hormone into blood stream circulation and will only effect target cells with specific receptors for that hormone.
Paracrine- cell secretes hormone and only diffuses to near by target cells (local system)

118
Q

What happens to the amount of hormone and receptors with age?

A

Decreases

119
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Control center for pituitary gland, sends signals to pituitary to stimulate other glands. Usually releases stimulus in burst not steadily

120
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A

It secretes growth hormone and secrete tropins to stimulate other glands to secrete their hormone

121
Q

What does the adrenal gland do?

A

Secrete steroid hormones and androgens. Androgens contribute to growth spurt and muscle growth in females and males. Has a small effect in males since they have testosterone. Do not play a huge role in either sex during puberty because of gonads

122
Q

How does pituitary and hypothalamus regulate hormones?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland have receptors that can sense the levels of hormones and hypothalamus can then stop stimulating pituitary gland and this will stop stimulating the other glands

123
Q

Insulin growth factor 1

A

When growth hormone reaches liver cells, they produce IGF1 which stimulates anabolic reactions. Has a particular effect on cartilage and Chondrocyte division in growth plate of bones. Let’s bone grow without the plate disappearing

124
Q

Growth hormone during puberty

A

Growth hormone levels are highest before puberty so that tissues have enough time to respond and make appropriate adjustments

125
Q

How does growth hormone increase during puberty?

A

Each pulse is secreting greater amounts of growth hormone, not more pulses!

126
Q

IGF 1 during puberty.

A

Increases in childhood, peak in puberty and then falls but does not disappear

127
Q

What does the thyroid do?

A

Secretes thyroxine which is responsible for skeletal maturation and growth of other systems. Without thyroxine growth factor would have a BLUNTED effect

128
Q

What does the parathyroid do?

A

Participated in the feedback loop that regulated calcium absorption and reabsorption

129
Q

Androgens can be produced by what, besides adrenal gland?

A

Are produced by peripheral tissues like adipocytes and other cells

130
Q

What causes growth hormones a blunted effect?

A

Absence of thyroxine and insulin blunt the effects of grower hormone

131
Q

What do FSH and LH do?

A 
Stimulate ovaries and testes to secrete estrogen and testosterone. 
Females: FSH- growth of follicles
LH- maturing of those follicles 
Males: FSH- Soren production 
LH- testosterone production
132
Q

FSH and LH levels during puberty

A

Both steadily increase through the stages of puberty

133
Q

What are the roles of gonadal hormones?

A

Regulate final stages of growth and maturation especially primary and secondary sexual characteristics

134
Q

How does testosterone effect growth hormone?

A

Increases growth hormone, increases IGF 1, increases bone growth

135
Q

Testosterone and estrogen effects on subcutaneous fat

A

Testosterone mobilizes fat in extremities.
Estrogen drives fat deposition in extremities and trunk (also weaker anabolic steroid, so not as much muscle and bone growth)

136
Q

Estrogen effects on bone growth

A

Males with no estrogen production of receptors tend to have growth plates a lot longer after puberty and continue to grow

137
Q

What produces leptin? And how does it correlate to fat

A

Hormones produced by adipocytes, proportional to fat mass. Increases in females and decreases in males after puberty.

138
Q

How does leptin effect weight?

A

Hypothalamus has leptin receptors. When body has low leptin levels means low fat mass and food intake increases. Also gain leptin during puberty because usually gain weight then

139
Q

Results of inactivated leptin receptors

A

Causes severe obesity because body thinks we need more food. Also decreases gonad function (sterile)

140
Q

Anterior pituitary glands secretes what to glands?

A

Tropin hormones

141
Q

Positive feedback loops

A

Rapidly increase the size of something, good during puberty.

142
Q

Hormone sensitivity throughout life

A
  1. Early childhood really high sensitivity to gonadotropin (so low levels in body)
  2. Later childhood less sensitivity, higher levels of gonadotropin
  3. Puberty gonadotropin hormone is increasing though positive feedback. Stimulates hypothalamus instead of regulating it
  4. Adult, remains positive feedback for males and cyclical for females
143
Q

Balancing between boys and girls

A

Girls have more balance in past data. More recent data shows more similar results for both sexes

144
Q

What does strength depend on?

A

The ability to recruit all muscle fibers needed to perform. Takes longer to see difference in muscle size but strength increases instantly

145
Q

T/F: strength is only dependent on muscles

A

False, brain can effect strength and performance

146
Q

What does Newton’s second law explain?

A

F=ma. Acceleration depends on a persons mass. Acceleration is usually slower in females after puberty because their percent fat increases

147
Q

Peak weight and strength velocities compared to height velocity

A

Occur after height, strength peak is usually a year after

Human Growth & Motor Development (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions