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Animal Kingdom > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Lopophorates

A
  • Brachiopoda: live in cold, deep ocean
  • Phoronida
  • bryozoa
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2
Q

Rotifers

A
  • microscopic, multicellular animals
  • live in water nd around moist soil
  • flowing or still water, moist terrestrial
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3
Q

molluska

A

*mantel (shell), covers internal organs
-ventral foot
-most have circulatory system: 2 ventrical hearts, O mixing in open system circ.
-radula
bivalves
-marine, some fresh water, few terrestrial
-free swimming in marine habitat, have cilliated larva

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4
Q

phylum Polyplacophora

A

chitons: marine like animals with flattened bodies
- adhere to rock
- shells have 8 overlapping plates
- reduced head, no eyes
- rocky zones
- stay on rocks by suction foot
- true gut
- they clean off rocky areas

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5
Q

class gastropoda

A
  • contort bodies
  • live everywhere
  • largest group of mollusks
    ex: snails, slugs, relatives
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6
Q

True coelomate

A

a fluid-filled body cavity
 completely lined by mesoderm between digestive tube and
outer body wall

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7
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

a body cavity that is not

completely lined with mesoderm.

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8
Q

Acoelomates

A

no body cavity

 solid body filled with gelatin-like tissue

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9
Q

Significance of Coelom

A

1) Allows tube-within-a-tube body plan
 body wall is outer tube
 inner tube is digestive tube
 attached at both ends
 can move food independently of body movement
2) Allows for an enclosed compartment
(or series of compartments) of fluid under
pressure
 4) A space in which internal organs develop
 including gonads
 Most have well developed circulatory, excretory,
and nervous systems
 5) Helps transport materials
 Food, oxygen and wastes
 Cells bathed by coelomic fluid can exchange
material
 6) Protects internal organs
 Suspended within folds of tissue lining
 cushions
 3) Serve as hydrostatic skeleton
 contracting muscles push against tube of
fluid allowing for a greater range of
movement
 gives body shape to some animals
(structure = function)
 swimming, crawling, or walking

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10
Q

example of acoelomate

A

flatworm (liver fluke)

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11
Q

example of pseudocoelom

A

nematode

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12
Q

example of coelom

A

true coelomate - vertebrate

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13
Q

Protostomes

A

a multicellular organism
whose mouth develops from a primary
embryonic opening.
 Ex: Annelids, Mollusks, flatworms, Roundworms, Arthropods

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14
Q

protostomes characteristics

A

spiral cleavage, with determined fate
 development of mouth from blastopore
 coelom

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15
Q

two branches of protostomes

A

Lophotrochozoa

Ecdysozoa

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16
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A 
(crest bearing animals)
 Nemerteans
 ribbon worms
 Platyhelminths
 flatworms
 Mollusks
 Annelids
 Lophophorate phyla
 ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding mouth
 Rotifers
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17
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

nematodes (roundworms) and arthropods

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18
Q

Phylum Nemertea

(Ribbon Worms

A

Characterized by proboscis
 muscular tube for capturing food, defense
 true carnivores & predatory

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19
Q

Phylum Nemertea

(Ribbon Worms

A 
 Most live in marine environments
 Most are free-living
 Most have separate sexes
 Reproduce sexually or asexually
 fragmentation
 Acoelomate
 No real body cavity
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20
Q

Ribbon Worm

A 
 Nemerteans have:
 tube-within-a-tube body plan
 complete digestive tract with mouth
and anus
 Circulatory system
 Nervous system
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21
Q 
Phylum Platyhelminthes
(Flatworms)
A 
Flatworms – simple acoelomate (no body
cavity) animals with
 bilateral symmetry
 cephalization (head)
 3 tissue layers
 well-developed organs
Many are hermaphrodites
 single animal produces both sperm and
eggs
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22
Q 
Phylum Platyhelminthes
(Flatworms
A

 Ladder-type nervous system
 sense organs
 simple brain composed of two ganglia
 2 nerve cords that extend the length of body
 Protonephridia (ciliated excretory tubes)
 function in osmoregulation and disposal of
metabolic wastes

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23
Q

3 Classes of

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A 
 Class Turbellaria
-free-living flatworms, planarians
 Classes Trematoda and Monogenea
-parasitic flukes (internal & external)
 Class Cestoda
-parasitic tapeworms
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24
Q

Planarian

A 
Free-living flatworms
found in ponds and
streams.
 Reception for locating food
 Ear flaps (auricles)
 Capable of learning
 Carnivorous
 Developed digestive
system
 Capable of regeneration
 as long as all three tissue
layers are present
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25
Q

Parasitic Flukes and Tapeworms

A 
Typically have suckers or hooks
 for holding on to their hosts
 Have complicated life cycles
 with intermediate hosts
 large numbers of eggs
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26
Q

Parasitic Flukes

A 
 Blood flukes & liver flukes
 Complicated life cycles
 With intermediate host
 Ex: snails, fish
 Typically found in tropical areas of the world
& Asia
 Where humans use own feces for fertilizing
crops.
27
Q

Parasitic Flukes

A

 Definitive host (primary) – house adult
liver flukes within liver
 Eggs leave liver, to intestine and out body
 Summary of Lifecycle:
 Free swimming larvae penetrates suitable snail
or fish
 Intermediate host – house larval stages of life
cycle (asexually reproducing larva)
 Developed larvae leave host & encyst on
aquatic vegetation for prolonged periods

28
Q

Tapeworms

A 
Parasite
 Live in intestine
 Ex: most vertebrates
 Body type:
 Long
 Flat
 No digestive system
 Absorb predigested nutrients from
host
 Ribbonlike
 Shedding segments (proglottids)
for reproduction, have both male
and female parts
 Head with hooks & suckers
 Attach to host
29
Q

scolex

A

head of tapeworm with 4 suckers

-tapeworm in human 8-11 ft long

30
Q

Phylum Annelida

Segmented Worms

A 
 Annelida:
 Polychaetes, Oligocheates (Earthworms, CA Black
worms), Leeches
 Habitat:
 marine, freshwater, moist terrestrial
 Body type:
 Conspicuously long bodies
 Segmentation
 both internally and externally (> 100 rings)
 May swim freely or use type of paddle (parapodia)
 Skeleton – important in movement
 Setae – bristle, for traction
31
Q

Segmented Worms

A 
 Some structures extend the length of body
 Digestive tract, nerves
 Excretory organs
 Repeated in segments
 Large, compartmentalized coelom
 serves as hydrostatic skeleton
32
Q

Class Polychaeta

A 
 Marine worms with parapodia
 appendages for locomotion, gas exchange
 Parapodia have many setae
 traction bristles
 Well-defined head with sense organs
 unlike other annelids
33
Q

Class Oligochaeta

A 
 Earthworms
 Characterized by few short setae per
segment
 Hermaphroditic
 Both male and female sex organs
 Body divided into > 100 segments
 separated internally by septa
 Clitellum = copulatory gland at segment 31
or 32
 form cocoon
34
Q

Class Oligochaeta

A 
 California Black Worm
 Shallow freshwater habitats
 Ponds, lakes, marshes
 Locomotion
 few short setae & body movement
 Both sexual and asexual reproduction
 Feed on decaying vegetation
 Body divided into 200-250 segments
 separated internally by septa
 Clitellum, forms cocoon
35
Q

Class Hirudinea

A 
 Leeches
 Characterized by absence of setae and
appendages
 Parasitic leeches have suckers
 for holding on to their host
36
Q

Lophophorate Phyla

A

 Marine animals with a lophophore
 Ex: Brachiopods, Phoronids, Bryozoans
 Lophophore
 ciliated ring of tentacles surround the mouth
 specialized to capture particles in water

37
Q

Lophophorates

A

Sub Phylum Brachiopoda
 common
 deep cold waters

38
Q

Lophophorates

A

 Sub Phylum Phoronida
“Horseshoe worm”
 uncommon
 shallow sediment

39
Q

Lophophorates

A 
 Sub Phylum Bryozoa
“Moss animals”
 Marine and freshwater
 live in colonies
 Rocks, shells, piers, docks
40
Q

Phylum Rotifers

A

 Rotifers = microscopic, multicellular animals.
 Inhabit water around soil particles
 Crown of cilia
 Flowing or still aquatic (both marine & freshwater) &
moist terrestrial
Bodies adapted to survive dry conditions
 Reproduce both sexually and asexually
Body cavity partially lined with mesoderm
 Muscular organ used to grind food
 typically live on dead or dying organic material

41
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A 
 Soft-bodied animals
 usually covered by a shell
 Ventral foot
 for locomotion
 Mantle
 covers visceral mass (body organs)
42
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A 
 Most have open circulatory system
 Cephalopods have closed circulatory system
 Most have rasplike radula for feeding
 Bivalves are suspension feeders
 Most mollusks are marine, but some are
freshwater and few are terrestrial.
 Marine have free-swimming, ciliated
trochophore larva
43
Q

Class Polyplacophora

A 
 Chitons:
 Marine animals with flattened bodies
 Shells consist of 8 overlapping plates
 Reduced head, no eyes
 Most live in rocky intertidal zones
44
Q

Class Gastropoda

A 
 Fresh or marine habitats, but can live in
moist terrestrial.
 Largest group of mollusks
 snails, slugs, and their relatives
 Body undergoes torsion
 a twisting of the visceral mass
45
Q

Class Bivalvia

A

 Includes aquatic clams, oysters,muscles,
scallops
 Two-part shell
 Valves connected by ligaments – open shell
 Adductor muscles – close shell
 hinged dorsally & opens ventrally
 allows foot to protrude ventrally for locomotion & burrowing
 encloses bodies
 Suspension feeders (filter feeders)
 Feed by straining food particles from water

46
Q

Class Cephalopoda

A

 Includes squids, octopods, Nautilus
 May have no shell, internal shell, or outer shell
 Some have a beak – to kill and tear apart prey
 Fast, predatory swimmers
 Tentacles/arms surround the mouth
 8 in octopus, 10 in squid, 90 or more in
Nautilus
 located in the large head
 Well developed eyes that form images

47
Q

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms

A 
 Highly successful ecdysozoans
 Roundworms live in aquatic and moist terrestrial
environments.
 parasites
 Characteristics:
 Sexual reproduction
 Hermaphroditic (male/female parts)
 internal fertilization
 Complete Gut
 with both mouth & anus
 Pseudocoelom
 Cavity not fully lined with mesoderm
48
Q

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms

A 
 Body type:
 Slender, tapered at both ends
 Body covered by tough non-living cuticle
 molting – shed all at once
 helps prevent desiccation
 Parasitic Nematodes in Humans:
 Ascaris (in intestines of little kids with swollen bellies)
 Hookworms
 Trichinella
 Pinworms
 Free-living Nematodes:
 Turbatrix aceti (Vinegar eels)
49
Q

Trichinella

A

 Trichinosis – a parasite caused disease, that
infects and damages body tissues.
-Intestinal,  Muscular
 Most persist within muscle.
 Passed
Food-borne infection = animal food/grain supply is
infected by infected meat, pork,

50
Q

Turbatrix aceti (Vinegar eels)

A 
 Free-living
 Non-parasitic, but can be consumed
 Small
 3mm (~1/8 inch)
 Habitat
 Congregate near the surface of water
 Food source of other animals
 Grow well in unpasteurized (organic) apple
cider vinegar
51
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

 Arthropod - segmented animals with
paired, jointed appendages
 Armor-like exoskeleton
 Made of chitin, must shed, open circ system

52
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

Types/forms:
Aquatic - have gills for gas exchange
 Terrestrial - have either tracheae or book
lungs

53
Q

Subphylum Myriapoda

A

 2 Classes
 Chilopoda (centipedes)
 Diplopoda (millipedes)
 Pauropoda (pauropods) & Symphyla (symphylans)

54
Q

Myriapoda

A

head &
trunk
 Uniramous appendages
 Single series of segments (unbranched Multiple pairs of legs (myriad + foot)
 Illacme plenipes, a millipede that inhabits central
California, has 750 legs

55
Q

myriapoda

A

 Single pair of antennae
 Simple eyes
 pair of mandibles and two pairs of maxillae
 (millipedes only have one pair of maxillae).
 Most myriapods are detritivores
 live on decaying plant material
 Centipedes - they are mainly nocturnal
predators.
 Most live in forests, but some live in desert &
grasslands

56
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata

A 
 Merostomes
 horseshoe crabs
 Arachnids
 spiders, mites, scorpions, and relatives
 Body:
 Cephalothorax – fused head and thorax
 Abdomen
 6 pairs of uniramous, jointed appendages
 Rear 4 pairs serve as walking legs
57
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata

A 
 First appendages = chelicerae
 Second appendages = pedipalps
 Appendages adapted for manipulation of
food, locomotion, defense, copulation
 Scorpions have enlarged pedipalps
 No antennae, no mandibles
58
Q

Subphylum Crustacea

A 
 Crustacea = “seafood”
 Most are marine, some freshwater &
terrestrial
 Lobsters, crabs, shrimp, pill bugs, barnacles,
and others
 Body:
 Cephalothorax – fused head and thorax
 Abdomen
 Most have five pairs of walking legs
59
Q

Subphylum Crustacea

A 
 Two pairs of antennae
 sense taste and touch
 Third appendages are mandibles
 for chewing
 Two pairs of maxillae
 posterior to mandibles
 manipulate and hold food
60
Q

Subphylum Hexapoda

A 
 Includes class Insecta
 articulated, tracheated hexapods
61
Q

Insects

A 
Occupy almost every kind of freshwater and
terrestrial habitat.
 due in part to wings
Body:
 Head, thorax, and abdomen
 Uniramous appendages
 Single series of segments (unbranched)
 Single pair of antennae
 Tracheae for gas exchange
 Malpighian tubules for excretion
 don’t open directly to the exterior, must pass through
rectum
62
Q

Insect Adaptations

A 
 Versatile exoskeleton
 Segmentation
 Specialized jointed appendages
 Highly developed sense organs
 Ability to fly
 Metamorphosis
 transition from one developmental form to
another
 reduces intraspecific competition
63
Q

Insect Adaptations

A

 Insects have developed
 effective reproductive strategies
 effective mechanisms for defense, offense
 ability to communicate

Animal Kingdom (1 decks)

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