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EOH 740 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Pest?

A

A purely human concept, a pest is any organism that adversely affects human interests.

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2
Q

Pest, Broad Interest Types:

A
  • Animal
  • Plant
  • Microorganism
  • Viruses/Bacteria
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3
Q

Problems Caused by Pests

A
  1. Resource Competition (They reduce our global harvest.)
  2. Discomfort
  3. Vectors of Disease
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4
Q

(Pests Problems) Resource Competition - Reduction of Global Harvest:

A
  • Fungi, Nematodes, Bacteria, Viruses: Destroy Plants
  • Insects: Attack cotton, tobacco, potatoes
  • Weeds: Reduce corn, soybean yields
  • Wild mammals, rodents, birds: Consume harvest
  • Termites: Structural Damage
  • Cockroaches, rats, mice: Food Contamination
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5
Q

(Pests Problems) Discomfort

A
  • Lice: Severe itching, infections, hardened skin
  • Fleas: Disease transmission, painful bites
  • Mites: Scabies, dermatitis
  • Chiggers (Mite): Skin irritation (Waist/Armpits)
  • Bedbugs: Hide, Feast on a Blood meal (Can last 6 months w/o blood meal)
  • Spiders: Very few poisonous, black widow/brown recluse/aggressive house spider
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6
Q

(Pests Problems) Discomfort - Brown Recluse

A

The brown recluse spider is found throughout south-central and southeastern United States. It can be identified by the violin-shaped marking on its back.

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7
Q

(Pests Problems) Vector

A

An organism that transmits a disease causing organism (pathogen) from one host to another.

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8
Q

Vectors of Disease - Mosquitoes

A
  • Malaria - Plasmodium (parasite)
  • Yellow fever, West Nile Virus, dengue fever all viral
  • Controlling population, repellents (DEET)
  • Dengue is worst viral disease transmitted by Mosquito
  • Malaria is worst parasitic disease transmitted by Mosquito
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9
Q

(CH11) Definition of Atmosphere

A

The whole mass of air surrounding the earth.

  • Buffer that keeps us from being peppered by meteorites
  • A screen against deadly radiation
  • The reason radio waves can bounce for long distances around the planet
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10
Q

(CH11) Atmospheric Evolution

A
  • Infant planet Earth: Atmosphere primarily hydrogen and helium
  • Gradually replaced by outgassing of volatile materials from Earth’s interior
  • Evolution of green plants -> Modern oxygen-rich atmosphere
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11
Q

(CH11) Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere

A

Gas composition of dry air by volume:

  • 78% Nitrogen (N2)
  • 21% Oxygen (O2)*
  • 0.9% Argon (Ar)
  • 0.03% Carbon Dioxide (CO2)*
  • Trace amounts: neon, helium, krypton, xenon, dydrogen, methane, and nitrous oxide
  • Directly enter into biological processes
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12
Q

(CH11) Atmosphere Layers

A
  • Extends approximately 50 miles above the earth
  • Uniform composition of gasses
  • Subdivided into 3 major regions based on temperature zones:
    1. Troposphere
    2. Stratosphere
    3. Mesosphere
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13
Q

(CH11) Troposphere

A
  • Sea level to approximately 8 miles above earth
  • Where most life activities and weather phenomena occur
  • Decrease in temperature with increase in altitude (5.4 Degrees F drop every 1,000 feet increase)
  • Contains water vapor and dust
  • Tropopause, upper limit
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14
Q

(CH11) Stratosphere

A
  • Directly above troposphere
  • Temperature gradient reversal
  • Gradual increase in temperature with increase in altitude (up to 32 degrees F)
  • Almost no water vapor or dust
  • Ozone layer (8-15 miles above earth)
  • Stratopause, upper boundary (30 miles above earth)
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15
Q

Vectors of Disease - Flies

A
  • Feed on feces and transmit bacteria to food

- GI diseases: typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery and parasitic worm infections

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16
Q

(CH11) Mesosphere

A
  • Above stratosphere
  • Decrease in temperature with increasing altitude
  • Meteors or rock fragments burn
  • Some references indicate that there are two or more layers:
    1. Thermosphere
    2. Exosphere
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17
Q

(CH11) Where is the International Space Station?

A

Mesosphere

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18
Q

(CH11) Role of Atmosphere

A

-Regulates quality and quantity of solar radiation that enters/leaves the biosphere
*Biosphere- life zone of planet Earth, includes all living organisms
*Our biosphere distinguishes Earth from all other planets in the solar
system
-Reflection and absorption

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19
Q

(CH11) Radiation

A
  • Energy emitted in the form of waves (light) or particles (photons)
  • The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all types of radiation
    • Can be expressed in terms of energy, wavelength, or frequency
  • Solar energy - subdivided into categroeis, depending o the wavelength of the radiation
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20
Q

(CH11) Ultraviolet Radiation

A
  • 230-320 nm range can have serious adverse health effects on living organisms
    • Strongly absorbed by living tissues
    • DNA, major target of UV damage
    • Excess UV exposure = lethal or mutational effects
    • Major concern is skin cancers
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21
Q

(CH11) UV Rays

A
  • Defense mechanisms developed by living organisms
    • Shielding devices:
      • Fur
      • Feathers
      • Shells
    • Darkly-pigmented skin
    • Light-avoidance behaviors
  • Evolution off DNA repair mechanisms
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22
Q

(CH11) UV Radiation and Ozone Layer

A
  • Ozone layer absorbs the most UV radiation
  • Layer created by UV radiant energy breaking (O2) molecules into single oxygen atoms that recombine with O2 molecules to form ozone O3
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23
Q

(CH11) Ozone Formation

A
  • UV energy splits O2 which joins other O2 molecules to form ozone
  • State of dynamic equilibrium
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24
Q

(CH11) Human Impact on the Earth-Atmosphere System

A

-Depletion of ozone layer by chemicals that react/destroy ozone molecules
*CFC’s - chlorofluorocarbons; synthetic chemicals used as
refrigerants and aerosol propellants;
*Halons - bromofluorocarbons; fire suppressant;
*1978 - nationwide ban on ozone-depleting gases

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25
Q

(CH 8) Vectors of Disease - Cockroaches

A

Asthma trigger, prevalent among inner-city neighborhoods

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26
Q

(CH 8) Vectors of Disease - Body Lice

A
  • Typhus fever, bacteria passed via feces

* Trench and relapsing fevers

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27
Q

(CH 8) Vectors of Disease - Lyme Disease

A 
Lyme Disease (Borrelia Burgdorferi)
*Most common tick-borne disease in U.S.
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28
Q

(CH 8) Vectors of Disease - Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)

*Frequently fatal

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29
Q

(CH 8) Vectors of Disease - Q Fever

A 
Q Fever (Coxiella Burnetii)
*Rare, more often from feces, fluids (herd animals)
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30
Q

(CH 8) Vectors of Disease - Tularemia

A

Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

*Bites, dermal, ingestion, inhalation

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31
Q

(CH 8) Vectors of Disease - Ticks (Blood Meal)

A
  • Lyme Disease
  • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
  • Q Fever
  • Tularemia
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32
Q

(CH 8) Modern Pesticides

A
  • Began with the invention of DDT in 1939
  • Paul Muller won Nobel Prize for DDT
  • Banned in 1972
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33
Q

(CH 8) Types of Pesticides

A
  • Insecticides
  • Herbicides
  • Rodenticides
  • Fungicides
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34
Q

(CH 8) Insecticides

A
  • Inorganic compounds, toxic to humans, and damaging to crops.
  • Mode of action:
  • Stomach poisons: Insects ingest through mouth.
  • Contact poisons: Penetrate body wall.
  • Fumigants: Enter respiratory system.
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35
Q

(CH 8) Synthetic Organic Insecticides

A

Broad-spectrum contact poisons: one insecticide kills all pest insects it touches.

36
Q

(CH 8) Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

A
  • Persistent in the environments - residue breaks down very slowly; long period of protection
  • Repeated applications unnecessary
  • Residue to accumulate in fatty tissues of living organisms
  • Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) banned in U.S.
37
Q

(CH 8) Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

A

Dirty Dozen
*International treaty ratified in 2004 to stop their use except for specific applications - hazardous environmental & health effects.

38
Q

(CH 8) Organophosphates and Carbamates

A
  • Not persistent (two weeks to break down)

* Variably toxic to humans, use with great care

39
Q

(CH 8) Pyrethroids

A
  • Synthetic chemical analog of pyrethrum, a derivative of chrysanthemum flowers
  • Low toxicity, safe to use indoors
  • More expensive, but lower rates of application
40
Q

(CH 8) Botanical Insecticides

A
  • Pyrocide - natural pyrethrum
  • Chemfish - rotenon, derived from a tropical legume
  • Neem - extracted from South Asian neem tree
41
Q

(CH 8) Herbicides

A
  • Weeds compete with crop plants for nutrients and water, reducing crop yields
  • Weeds make harvesting more difficult
  • Some weed species poison livestock
42
Q

(CH 8) Herbicide Types

A
  • Preplanting Herbicides: Applied to soil before weeds expected to germinate.
  • Post-emergents: Applied to soil or onto foliage after sprouting.
  • Selective: Kill only certain types of plants.
  • Contact: Kill any growing plant part
    • 2, 4-D was the first synethic herbicide
  • Translocated: Absorbed from soil through roots or foliage into vascular system of plant
43
Q

(CH 8) Herbicide Health Problems

A

Evidence suggests exposure can cause genetic mutations, cancer, and birth defects, in addition to:

  • Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
  • Persistent asthma in children
44
Q

(CH 8) Agent Orange

A

2,4,5-T

  • Chemical defoliant discovered to contain Dioxin (as a contaminant) - terminated in 1980’s (fat soluble, stores in human tissue)
  • Linked with cancer and genetic defects (Vietnam war exposure)
45
Q

(CH 8) Herbicide Use Pro

A

Use of herbicides in crops grown U.S. has resulted in:

  • Yield increases
  • Savings for growers
  • Reduced soil erosion
46
Q

(CH 8) Rodenticides

A
  • Cause internal hemorrhaging in rats when consumed
  • Some rodenticides extremely toxic to humans
  • Studies have shown a 4X risk of congenital heart defects among children born to women using rodenticides during first trimester.
47
Q

(CH 8) Environmental Impact

A

DDT and DDE minimize the deposition of calcium carbonate into egg shells-thinning:

  • Rapid decline in predatory bird populations
  • Residues of DDT today in most living organisms
  • Malaria almost eliminated by DDT
  • Resurgence in tropics
  • Affects 500 million people per year
  • DDT being re-employed for malaria control
48
Q

(CH 8) Environmental Impact of Pesticides

A
  1. Development of Resistance
  2. Killing of Beneficial Species
  3. Environmental Contamination
49
Q

(CH 8) Rachel Carson

A

Wrote the book, Silent Spring, which discussed insecticide misuse (DDT).

  • Had an expertise in biology and in writing.
  • Writer for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
50
Q

(CH 8) Development of Resistance

A

Cycle of Pesticide Resistance:

  • Inherited resistance
  • Small % of pesticide population survives
  • Survivors multiply; resistant offspring
51
Q

(CH 8) Killing of Beneficial Species

A

Non-specific:

  • Often kill non-target species (honeybees)
  • 90% of pesticides never reach intended target
52
Q

(CH 8) Target Pest Resurgence

A

Application is quickly followed by a sudden increase in pest numbers to a level higher than before because natural enemies killed.

53
Q

(CH 8) Secondary Pest Outbreak

A

Rise to prominence of plant eating species that previously had not been of concern because natural enemies kept their populations down.

54
Q

(CH 8) Environmental Contamination

A
  • Pesticide residues are found virtually everywhere.
  • Direct killing of organisms exposed to chemicals.
  • Indirect killing (depletion of food or habitat)
  • Groundwater contamination (rural and urban)
  • Indirect contamination via food chains
    • Not excreted, stored in fatty tissues, organs
    • Concentration occurs along the food chain
55
Q

(CH 8) Biomagnification

A

Process by which the concentration of toxic substances increases in each successive level in the food chain.

56
Q

(CH 8) Bioaccumulation

A

The accumulation of a substance (such as a toxic chemical) in an organism over time.

57
Q

(CH 8) Hazards to Human Health

A

Exposure Routes:

  • Oral
  • Dermal
  • Inhalation
58
Q

(CH 8) Acute pesticide poisoning

A
  • Estimated 25 million/year among farm works in developing countries (WHO)
  • Immune system dysfunction
  • Symptoms: Headache, Weakness, Fatigue
  • Organophosphate Poisoning: SLUDGE, Coma, Death
59
Q

(CH 8) Chronic pesticide poisoning

A

Cancer:
*60% of herbicides, 90% of fungicides, 30% of insecticides are potential carcinogens
Disruption of endocrine and immune systems:
*May be more serious long-term threat leading to sterility
*Immune system suppression in children and elderly
-Infectious disease incidence increase contact
dermatitis seen
-Allergic reactions and chemical intolerance

60
Q

(CH 8) Dietary Exposure

A
  • Food Quality Protection Act of 1996
  • Tolerance levels set by EPA
  • Must take into account consumption habits of infants and children, and neurological differences
  • Also address cumulative effects of pesticide residues
  • Ten-fold safety margin for children
61
Q

(CH 8) Integrated Pest Management

A

Strategy that combines natural controls with prudent use of pesticides.

  • Low impact sustainable agriculture
  • Changing the crop
  • Low impact pest control

End result = Less pesticides

62
Q

(CH 8) IPM Steps

A
  1. Natural Enemies
  2. Microbial Pesticides
  3. Sex Attractants
  4. Insect Growth Regulators
  5. Sterile Insect Technique
  6. Host Plant Resistance
  7. Sanitation
63
Q

(CH 8) IPM Step 1 - Natural Enemies

A

Some effectiveness, large scale

*Beetles, wasps, praying mantis, ladybugs

64
Q

(CH 8) IPM Step 2 - Microbial Pesticides

A
  • Introduce diseases, toxins into pest population
  • Bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa
  • Bacius thuringiensis (Bt) toxin

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a spore forming bacterium that produces crystals protein (cry proteins), which are toxic to many species of insects.

65
Q

(CH 8) IPM Step 3 - Sex Attractants

A

Lure pests intro traps or beneficial predator species to an infested area.

  • Phermone traps
  • Only effective on adults; limited utility
66
Q

(CH 8) IPM Step 4 - Insect Growth Regulators

A

Chemicals that mimic natural growth substances; disrupt life cycle when introduced at proper stage.

  • Chitin inhibitors - exoskeleton
  • Juvenoids - Prevent development into adulthood
  • Ineffective against larvae; limited utility; Incorrect - Methoprene is used against larvae
67
Q

(CH 8) IPM Step 5 - Sterile Insect Technique

A
  • Infertile males introduced into population
  • Treated with chemicals or radiation
  • Sterile males outnumber normal males
  • Produce infertile eggs
  • Most effective against pests in which females mate only once
68
Q

(CH 8) IPM Step 6 - Host Plant Resistance

A

Genetic Resistance to Pests

  • Selective breeding
  • Genetic engineering - introduced desired characteristic from one species to another
  • Development of Bt resistance in pests
69
Q

(CH 8) IPM Step 7 - Sanitation

A
  • Keep food and water inaccessible to pests
  • Make undisturbed shelter areas unavailable for pests
  • Build structures to be impenetrable to pests
70
Q

(CH 9) Adulteration

A 
Deliberate addition of inferior or cheaper material to a purse food product in order to stretch out supplies and increase profits.
*Harmless ingredients
*Toxic substances
  -Poisonous food colorings    
  and flavorings
71
Q

(CH 9) Commonly Adulterated Foods

A
  • Pepper
  • Tea
  • Cocoa Powder
  • Milk
  • Coffee
72
Q

(CH 9) 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act

A
  • The first federal law to protect consumers from adulteration, mislabeling, and harmful ingredients.
  • This act + subsequent legislation = cases of adulteration in U.S. are rare
73
Q

(CH 9) Food Contaminants

A
  • Substances accidentally incorporated into foods.
  • Introduced during harvesting, processing or packaging.
  • Dirt
  • Hairs
  • Animal feces
  • Fungal growth
  • Insect fragments
  • Pesticide residues
  • Traces of growth hormones or antibiotics
74
Q

(CH 9) Defect Action Levels

A
  • Established by FDA
  • Specifies limit of contamination allowable; if exceeded, legal action taken to remove product from market
  • Maximum allowable contamination, set where there is no danger to human health
75
Q

(CH 9) Growth Hormones

A
  • Five FDA-approved hormones for use in U.S. livestock

* Used with 90% of cattle in U.S.

76
Q

(CH 9) Growth Hormones rBGH/rBST

A

Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) or recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) used in dairy cows every 14 days to boost milk production 10-20%

77
Q

(CH 9) Bioterrorism Act (2003)

A
  • Registration with FDA required of foreign facilities that manufacture, process, pack or hold food for consumption in the U.S.
  • Foreign exporters required to notify FDA in advance of food shipments to the U.S.
78
Q

(CH 9) Foodborne Disease

A
  1. Natural Toxins in Food
  2. Microbial Contamination
    • Bacteria
    • Virus
    • Parasites
  3. Other
79
Q

(CH 9) Ergot

A

Claviceps purpurea fungus infects grains

80
Q

(CH 9) Alfatoxin

A

Carcinogen; Aspergiullus flavus and A. parasiticus infect nuts and grains

81
Q

(CH 9) Salmonellosis

A
  • Salmonella spp.
  • Common foods: Poultry, meat, sprouts, eggs
  • Onset of symptoms: 6 hrs to 3 days
  • Some remain carriers for months
82
Q

(CH 9) Liseriosis

A
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Common foods: Soft cheeses, cold cuts, hot dogs, milk, foods not heated
  • Onset of symptoms: 4 days to weeks
  • Very dangerous to pregnant women
  • Zero tolerance for Listeria in foods (FDA)
83
Q

(CH 9) Campylobacteriosis

A
  • Campylobacter jejuni
  • MOST COMMON BACTERIAL FOOD POISONING AGENT
  • Common foods: Undercooked chicken, turkey, unpasteurized milk, clams
  • Onset of symptoms: 1-10 days
  • Up to 10% may develop serious, long term complications
84
Q

(CH 9) Escherichia coli O157:H7

A
  • Normal flora of health cattle
  • Common foods: Undercooked beef, unpasteurized fruit juice, sprouts, lettuce
  • Low ineffective dose; potent toxin
  • Onset of symptoms: 1-10 days
  • 2-7% of cases result in serious ailment
  • 60,000 cases with 50 deaths/yr.
85
Q

(CH 9) Vibriosis

A
  • Vibrio vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus
  • Marine bacterium in unpolluted ocean water
  • Common foods: Raw oysters and other shellfish
  • Onset of symptoms: 1-3 days
  • Dangerous in immunocompromised

EOH 740 (1 decks)

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