Exam 2

Question 1

diaganesis

Answer 1

the physical and chemical changes caused by pressure, heat and chemical reactions

Question 2

clastic sediments

Answer 2

formed from the result of physical and chemical weathering of preexisting rocks

Question 3

siliciclastic sediments

Answer 3

formed from sediments from clastic sediments

Question 4

biological sediments

Answer 4

result of mineral precipitation by organisms

Question 5

bioclastic sediments

Answer 5

formed from broken shells

Question 6

how are most sediments transported?

Answer 6

air and water

Question 7

strong currents

Answer 7

carry gravel (boulders, cobbles, and pebbles).

Question 8

moderately strong currents

Answer 8

carry sand

most common

Question 9

weak currents

Answer 9

carry mud composed of the finest particles

Question 10

subsidence

Answer 10

a broad area of the crust sinks

Question 11

sedimentary basins

Answer 11

thick accumulations of sediments and sedimentary rock

Question 12

rift basins

Answer 12

deep, narrow, and long with thick succession of sedimentary and igneous rocks

Question 13

how does a rift basin form?

Answer 13

when plates separate, the thin lithosphere between the two plates fills with hot mantle

Question 14

thermal subsidence basins

Answer 14

develops in the later stages of plate separation

when lithosphere that was thinned and heated becomes cooler and more dense

Question 15

continental shelf

Answer 15

a broad, flat, submerged platform with a thick layer of shallow-water sediment
from shoreline to the edge of the continental slope

Question 16

flexural basins

Answer 16

at a convergent boundary where one lithospheric pushes over the other and causes the lower one to bend and flew

Question 17

sedimentary environments

Answer 17

continental
shoreline
marine
siliciclastic
chemical

Question 18

continental sedimentary environments (4)

Answer 18

lake environments
alluvial environments
desert environments
glacial environments

Question 19

lake environments

Answer 19

fresh or saline water

transport agent: small waves and currents

Question 20

alluvial environments

Answer 20

a river and its floodplain

Question 21

shoreline sedimentary environments (3)

Answer 21

deltas
tidal flats
beaches

Question 22

marine sedimentary environments (4)

Answer 22

continental shelf environments
organic reef environments
continental margin and slope environments
deep-sea environments

Question 23

terrigenous environments

Answer 23

sediment eroded from the land surface

Question 24

cross-bedding

Answer 24

beds deposited by wind or water with degrees up to 35

Question 25

graded bedding

Answer 25

bedding where the large particles are at the bottom and smaller particles are at the top

Question 26

ripples

Answer 26

very small ridges of sand

Question 27

bioturbation

Answer 27

when organisms like clams or worms dig vertically through sand and mud

Question 28

lithification

Answer 28

hardening of soft sediment into rock

Question 29

conglomerate

Answer 29

lithified gravel

Question 30

What mineral would you find at a site with heavily weathered materials?

Answer 30

quartz

Question 31

what mineral would you find at a site near rapidly eroding granitic and metamorphic zones where physical weathering is more common?

Answer 31

arkoses (25% feldspar)

Question 32

what is shale composed of?

Answer 32

silt and a significant amount of clay

Question 33

what rock is formed from lithified carbonate sediments?

Answer 33

limestone

Question 34

what rock is the dominant biological sedimentary rock?

Answer 34

limestone

Question 35

what is dolostone composed of?

Answer 35

dolomite (calcium-magnesium carbonate)

Question 36

what is chert composed of?

Answer 36

silica

Question 37

at what depth are metamorphic rocks formed?

Answer 37

10-30km

Question 38

at what rate does Earth's temp decrease with depth?

Answer 38

30 degrees Celsius per km

Question 39

geothermal gradient

Answer 39

the increase in temperature with increasing depth

Question 40

confining pressure

Answer 40

a general force applied equally in all directoins

Question 41

directed pressure

Answer 41

a force exerted in a articular direction

Question 42

metasomatism

Answer 42

the change in a rock's composition by fluid transport of chemical substances

Question 43

what are 6 types of metamorphism?

Answer 43

``` shock regional high-pressure contact burial seafloor ```

Question 44

regional metamorphism

Answer 44

high temperatures and high pressures imposed over large parts of the crust

Question 45

contact metamorphism

Answer 45

the heat from igneous intrusion metamorphoses the rock

Question 46

seafloor metamorphism

Answer 46

a form of metasomatism, where lava heats the seawater which drives chemical reactions

Question 47

burial metamorphism

Answer 47

the progressive increase in pressure as more layers are on top of the rock

Question 48

shock metamorphism

Answer 48

when a meteorite collides with Earth

Question 49

foliation

Answer 49

a set of flat or wavy parallel cleavage planes

Question 50

slates

Answer 50

very fined grained and lowest grade

Question 51

phyllite

Answer 51

slightly higher grade than slates

Question 52

schist

Answer 52

intermediate-grade rock | most abundant metamorphic rock

Question 53

gneiss

Answer 53

lightly-colored with coarse bands of light and dark minerals throughout the rock

Question 54

migmatite

Answer 54

mixture of igneous and metamorphic rock

Question 55

granoblastic rock

Answer 55

grow in the shape of cubes and spheres

Question 56

hnornfels

Answer 56

high-tempurature contact metamorphic rock of uniform grain size that has undergone little to no deformation

Question 57

examples of granoblastic rock

Answer 57

``` hornfels quartzite marble granulite amphibiolite ```

Question 58

examples of foliated rocks

Answer 58

slate schist gneiss

Question 59

exhumed

Answer 59

transported back to Earth's surface

Question 60

P-T path

Answer 60

history of a metamorphic rock

Question 61

strike

Answer 61

the compass direction of a rock layer

Question 62

dip

Answer 62

amount of tilting of a rock measured at right angles

Question 63

strike-slip fault

Answer 63

movement or rocks next to each other is horizontal

Question 64

thrust fault

Answer 64

low-angled reverse fault

Question 65

anticline

Answer 65

upside down u

Question 66

syncline

Answer 66

U-shape

Question 67

principle of original horizonality

Answer 67

sediments are deposited as horizontal beds

Question 68

principle of superposition

Answer 68

each layer of rock is younger than the one beneath it

Question 69

stratigraphic succession

Answer 69

chronologically ordered set of strata

Question 70

principle of faunal succession

Answer 70

sedimentary strata in an outcrop contain fossils in a definite sequence

Question 71

isotopic dating

Answer 71

the use of naturally occurring radioactive elements to determine the ages of rocks

Question 72

ductile

Answer 72

undergoes smooth and continuous deformation without fracturing

Question 73

brittle

Answer 73

undergoes little deformation until it breaks suddenly

Question 74

nebular hypothesis

Answer 74

the origin of the solar system can be traced to a cloud of rotating gases and fine dust

Question 75

solar nebula

Answer 75

a disk of gases and dust

Question 76

When did the big bang take place

Answer 76

about 13.7 billion years ago

Question 77

key features of venus

Answer 77

hell-like atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide covered by 85% lava flows mountainous

Question 78

key features of mercury

Answer 78

thin atmosphere made up of helium | very hot during the day and very cold at night