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Geology 111 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

diaganesis

A

the physical and chemical changes caused by pressure, heat and chemical reactions

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2
Q

clastic sediments

A

formed from the result of physical and chemical weathering of preexisting rocks

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3
Q

siliciclastic sediments

A

formed from sediments from clastic sediments

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4
Q

biological sediments

A

result of mineral precipitation by organisms

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5
Q

bioclastic sediments

A

formed from broken shells

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6
Q

how are most sediments transported?

A

air and water

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7
Q

strong currents

A

carry gravel (boulders, cobbles, and pebbles).

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8
Q

moderately strong currents

A

carry sand

most common

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9
Q

weak currents

A

carry mud composed of the finest particles

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10
Q

subsidence

A

a broad area of the crust sinks

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11
Q

sedimentary basins

A

thick accumulations of sediments and sedimentary rock

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12
Q

rift basins

A

deep, narrow, and long with thick succession of sedimentary and igneous rocks

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13
Q

how does a rift basin form?

A

when plates separate, the thin lithosphere between the two plates fills with hot mantle

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14
Q

thermal subsidence basins

A

develops in the later stages of plate separation

when lithosphere that was thinned and heated becomes cooler and more dense

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15
Q

continental shelf

A

a broad, flat, submerged platform with a thick layer of shallow-water sediment
from shoreline to the edge of the continental slope

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16
Q

flexural basins

A

at a convergent boundary where one lithospheric pushes over the other and causes the lower one to bend and flew

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17
Q

sedimentary environments

A 
continental
shoreline
marine
siliciclastic
chemical
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18
Q

continental sedimentary environments (4)

A

lake environments
alluvial environments
desert environments
glacial environments

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19
Q

lake environments

A

fresh or saline water

transport agent: small waves and currents

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20
Q

alluvial environments

A

a river and its floodplain

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21
Q

shoreline sedimentary environments (3)

A

deltas
tidal flats
beaches

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22
Q

marine sedimentary environments (4)

A

continental shelf environments
organic reef environments
continental margin and slope environments
deep-sea environments

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23
Q

terrigenous environments

A

sediment eroded from the land surface

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24
Q

cross-bedding

A

beds deposited by wind or water with degrees up to 35

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25
Q

graded bedding

A

bedding where the large particles are at the bottom and smaller particles are at the top

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26
Q

ripples

A

very small ridges of sand

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27
Q

bioturbation

A

when organisms like clams or worms dig vertically through sand and mud

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28
Q

lithification

A

hardening of soft sediment into rock

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29
Q

conglomerate

A

lithified gravel

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30
Q

What mineral would you find at a site with heavily weathered materials?

A

quartz

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31
Q

what mineral would you find at a site near rapidly eroding granitic and metamorphic zones where physical weathering is more common?

A

arkoses (25% feldspar)

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32
Q

what is shale composed of?

A

silt and a significant amount of clay

33
Q

what rock is formed from lithified carbonate sediments?

A

limestone

34
Q

what rock is the dominant biological sedimentary rock?

A

limestone

35
Q

what is dolostone composed of?

A

dolomite (calcium-magnesium carbonate)

36
Q

what is chert composed of?

A

silica

37
Q

at what depth are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

10-30km

38
Q

at what rate does Earth’s temp decrease with depth?

A

30 degrees Celsius per km

39
Q

geothermal gradient

A

the increase in temperature with increasing depth

40
Q

confining pressure

A

a general force applied equally in all directoins

41
Q

directed pressure

A

a force exerted in a articular direction

42
Q

metasomatism

A

the change in a rock’s composition by fluid transport of chemical substances

43
Q

what are 6 types of metamorphism?

A 
shock
regional
high-pressure
contact
burial
seafloor
44
Q

regional metamorphism

A

high temperatures and high pressures imposed over large parts of the crust

45
Q

contact metamorphism

A

the heat from igneous intrusion metamorphoses the rock

46
Q

seafloor metamorphism

A

a form of metasomatism, where lava heats the seawater which drives chemical reactions

47
Q

burial metamorphism

A

the progressive increase in pressure as more layers are on top of the rock

48
Q

shock metamorphism

A

when a meteorite collides with Earth

49
Q

foliation

A

a set of flat or wavy parallel cleavage planes

50
Q

slates

A

very fined grained and lowest grade

51
Q

phyllite

A

slightly higher grade than slates

52
Q

schist

A

intermediate-grade rock

most abundant metamorphic rock

53
Q

gneiss

A

lightly-colored with coarse bands of light and dark minerals throughout the rock

54
Q

migmatite

A

mixture of igneous and metamorphic rock

55
Q

granoblastic rock

A

grow in the shape of cubes and spheres

56
Q

hnornfels

A

high-tempurature contact metamorphic rock of uniform grain size that has undergone little to no deformation

57
Q

examples of granoblastic rock

A 
hornfels
quartzite
marble
granulite
amphibiolite
58
Q

examples of foliated rocks

A

slate
schist
gneiss

59
Q

exhumed

A

transported back to Earth’s surface

60
Q

P-T path

A

history of a metamorphic rock

61
Q

strike

A

the compass direction of a rock layer

62
Q

dip

A

amount of tilting of a rock measured at right angles

63
Q

strike-slip fault

A

movement or rocks next to each other is horizontal

64
Q

thrust fault

A

low-angled reverse fault

65
Q

anticline

A

upside down u

66
Q

syncline

A

U-shape

67
Q

principle of original horizonality

A

sediments are deposited as horizontal beds

68
Q

principle of superposition

A

each layer of rock is younger than the one beneath it

69
Q

stratigraphic succession

A

chronologically ordered set of strata

70
Q

principle of faunal succession

A

sedimentary strata in an outcrop contain fossils in a definite sequence

71
Q

isotopic dating

A

the use of naturally occurring radioactive elements to determine the ages of rocks

72
Q

ductile

A

undergoes smooth and continuous deformation without fracturing

73
Q

brittle

A

undergoes little deformation until it breaks suddenly

74
Q

nebular hypothesis

A

the origin of the solar system can be traced to a cloud of rotating gases and fine dust

75
Q

solar nebula

A

a disk of gases and dust

76
Q

When did the big bang take place

A

about 13.7 billion years ago

77
Q

key features of venus

A

hell-like
atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide
covered by 85% lava flows
mountainous

78
Q

key features of mercury

A

thin atmosphere made up of helium

very hot during the day and very cold at night

Geology 111 (9 decks)

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