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phys 2 exam 2 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

• What are the 6 parts of the brain parts involved in complex movement

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, brain stem, spinal cord

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2
Q

• How much of the primary motor cortex controls for hands and speech?

A

greater than half

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3
Q

• What constitutes the premotor area?

A

ant and lateral portions of primary motor cortex below supplemental area

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4
Q

• Where does the premotor area project nerve fibers to?

A

primary motor cortex, basal ganglia

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5
Q

• What area is superior to the premotor area and mainly in the longitudinal fissure

A

supplemental motor area

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6
Q

• What are the functions of the supplemental motor area?

A
  1. attitudinal movement, 2. fixation movements, 3.postitional movements of head and eyes, 4.finer motor control of arms/hands
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7
Q

• What is the percentage breakdown of the corticospinal tracts

A

30- primary motor, 30- premotor and supplemental area, 40-somatic sensory

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8
Q

• Do a majority of corticospinal fiber tracts originate from the somatic sensory areas?

A

yes

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9
Q

• Describe the descent of the corticospinal tract and which fibers cross are contralateral and which stay ipsilateral.

A

descends via posterior limb of internal capsule. most fibers=cross midlineand form lateral corticospinal tract
some fibers= stay ipsilateral and form ventral corticospinal tracts

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10
Q

• Which 2 brain structures does the posterior limb of the internal capsule lie between

A

caudate and putamen

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11
Q

• A lesion at the _________ can affect both motor and sensory fibers

A

internal capsule?

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12
Q

• A low lesion with all tracts cut off from the brain will yield _______

A

spinal prep/ flaccidity

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13
Q

• A ‘decerebate preparation’ transection at the mid collicular level (a middle level transection) will yield _____

A

decerebrate rigidity

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14
Q

• A ‘decorticate preparation’ destruction of the cerebral cortex (a high level lesion) will yield ____ because a lack of ____ from the _____

A

spasticity, cortical inhibition, medullary reticular formation

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15
Q

• What type of cerebral event can yield decorticate spasticity?

A

removal or lesion of cerebral cortex

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16
Q

• With decerebration, the ______ pathway is interrupted at the _______ level, however ___ ___ control remains in tact

A

cortical descending, midbrain?, brainstem

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17
Q

with decerebration, which reflexes become suppressed and which reflexes become exaggerated?

A

Flexion= suppressed, stretch= exaggerated

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18
Q

• What are the initial symptoms of a spinal cord transection?

A

spinal shock= all cord funct. are depressed, lack of tonic excitation from higher centers

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19
Q

• After a few days/weeks, what happens to some spinal cord reflexes?

A

regains excitability, some become hyperactive

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20
Q

• What is ‘spinal shock’?

A

decrease BP, skeletal ands sacral reflexes are suppressed and blocked

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21
Q

• What does the pontine reticular nuclei stimulate/inhibit? (2 things

A

stimulates- axial trunk and extensor muscles that support the body against gravity

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22
Q

• Where does the pontine reticular nuclei receive stimulation from? (2 places

A

vestibular nuclei, deep nuclei of cerebellum

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23
Q

• What 2 things does the medullary reticular nuclei stimulate/inhibit? (2 things)

A

inhibit- axial trunk and extensor muscles that support body against gravity

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24
Q

• The pontine reticular nuclei transmits signals via the ____ reticulospinal tract

A

pontine/ medial

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25
Q

• The medullary reticular nuclei transmits signals via the ____ reticulospinal tract

A

medullary/ lateral

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26
Q

• What 6 things does the brain stem play a role in controlling?

A

respiration, cardiovascular system, GI funct., stereotyped movement, equilibrium, eye movement

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27
Q

• What are the 4 ipsilateral descending tracts?

A

ventral corticospinal, reticulospinal, pontine and meduallry, vestibulospinal

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28
Q

• What are the 3 contralateral descending tracts?

A

lateral corticospinal, rubrospinal, tectospinal

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29
Q

• What are the 5 medial descending tracts?

A

reticulospinal, vestibule, tecto, anterior cortico,

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30
Q

• What are the 2 lateral descending tracts?

A

lateral cortico, rubro

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31
Q

• What 2 tracts control more of the muscle of the distal limbs?

A

lateral cortico, rubro

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32
Q

• What 4 tracts control mainly the axial and girdle muscles?

A

reticulo, tecto, vestibulo, anterior cortico

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33
Q

• What are the 2 types of pyramidal cells?

A

dynamic, static

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34
Q

• What is the dynamic signal and when does it occur?

A

excites the onset of muscle contraction

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35
Q

• What is the static signal and when does it occur?

A

fires slowly to maintain muscle contraction

36
Q

• What 2 areas of the brain are involved in the planning and programming phase?

A

basal ganglia and cerebrocerebellar

37
Q

• Describe the flow of events in the brain that lead to voluntary movement and the path that feedback comes back by

A

premotor— PMC—spinal cord or spinocerebellar..

feedback from periphery–spinocerebellar—PMC

38
Q

• What are the 3 types of postural reflexes?

A

vestibular, tonic neck, righting reflex

39
Q

• What is the vestibular apparatus and what does it consist of

A

organ that detects equilibrium.. consists of semicircular canals and utricle & saccule

40
Q

• Describe what the macula is and how does it function?

A

sensory area that is covered by jelly, hairs in the jelly cause depolarization or hyperpolarization which will detect position of head with gravity and linear acceleration

41
Q

• What type of movement does the macula sense?

A

linear acceleration?

42
Q

• What plane does the macula of utricle lie in and what position of the head does it help determine?

A

horizontal plane— head upright

43
Q

• What plane does the macular of the saccule help determine the head is in?

A

vertical plane—laying down

44
Q

• Where are the crista ampularis located and what do they do?

A

in semicircular canals—– in swelling?

45
Q

• What are cupula and where are they?

A

loose jelly tissue on top of crista ampularis

46
Q

• What are the names and planes of each of the semicircular canals?

A

R ant -L post, L ant - R post, R and L horizontal

47
Q

• What fills the semicircular canals?

A

endolymph

48
Q

• Which cranial nerve deals with the vestibular nuclei and what does it detect?

A

CN 8, detects rotational acceleration and deceleration

49
Q

• Right/clockwise rotation will stimulate the right or left canal?

A

right-= ipsilateral

50
Q

• Stimulation of semicircular canals is associated with increased stimulation of _____ as well as _____ (symptom)

A

extensor tone, nystagmus

51
Q

• The slow component tracking nystagmus is initiated by the ________

A

semicircular canals

52
Q

• The fast component tracking nystagmus is initiated by the ________

A

brain stem nuclei

53
Q

• What part of the cerebellum is especially associated with the semicircular canals?

A

cerebellum—-flocculonodular lobe

54
Q

• What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?

A

sudden sensation of spinning when moving head

55
Q

• What 2 senses help determine your orientation in space

A

visual and vestibular

56
Q

• Which feedback mechanism is faster?

A

anticipatory

57
Q

• Which feedback mechanism is slower?

A

compensatory

58
Q

• What 4 sensory inputs aid in postural mechanism?

A

cutaneous from skin, proprioception from joints and mucsles, vestibular signals, visual signals

59
Q

• Which proprioceptors are short latency?

A

joints and muscles

60
Q

• Which signals are longer latency?

A

vestibual and visual

61
Q

• In forward sway, which muscles are activated in which order?

A

gastro–ham–para

62
Q

• In backward sway, which muscles are activated in which order?

A

tib–quad–abd

63
Q

• Extension of neck will facilitate which extensors?

A

limb extensors bilaterally

64
Q

• Flexion of neck will facilitate limb ____ bilaterally.

A

flexors

65
Q

• Right lateral bending or rotation will facilitate ____ (R/L) extensors and (R/L) flexors

A

ipsilateral

66
Q

• What are the 4 principal nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

striatum, globus pallidus, sub nigra, subthalamic

67
Q

• Do the basal ganglia have direct input or output with the spinal cord?

A

none

68
Q

• Motor function of the basal ganglia are mediated by the motor areas of the ____

A

cortex

69
Q

• What are the 2 main circuits of the Basal Ganglia?

A

caudate and putamen

70
Q

• What does the caudate circuit play a large role in?

A

cognative control of motor activity

71
Q

• What actions do the putamen circuit play a role in?

A

subconscious execution of learned movements

72
Q

• Lesions to the Globus Pallidus results in what disorders and symptoms?

A

athetosis– spontaneous and continuous writhing movements

73
Q

• Lesions to the subthalamus results in what disorder and symptoms?

A

hemiballismus– sudden violent flailing movements of limbs

74
Q

• Lesions to the putamen will results in what disorder and symptoms?

A

Chorea– flicking movements in hands and feet`

75
Q

• Lesions to the substantia nigra will results in what disorder?

A

Rigidity, akinesia, resting temors

76
Q

• What is the primary re-entrance loop to the basal ganglia?

A

neo cortex–BG–thalamus–frontal cortex

77
Q

• What percentage weight of the brain is the cerebellum and what percentage of neurons does it contain?

A

10% weight, half of neurons in brain

78
Q

• What does complete destruction of the cerebellum results?

A

no sensory or muscle strength lost

79
Q

• Are there descending direct connections between the cerebellum and the spinal cord?

A

no

80
Q

• What does the floculonodular lobe govern?

A

eye movement and body equilibrium

81
Q

• What does the spinocerebellum (vermis/intermediate) play a major role in?

A

movement and influencing descending motor systems

82
Q

• The cerebrocerebellum plays a role in what?

A

planning and initiating of movement and extramotor prediction

83
Q

• Purkinje cells are _____ (inhibitory/stimulatory) and use what neurotransmitter in the cerebellum?

A

inhibitory/ deep cerebellar nuclie

84
Q

• What are the 2 types of output signals from the purkinje fibers?

A

simple- mossy fibers and complex- climbing fibers

85
Q

• The complex Action Potential involves the use of _____ fibers from the _______ and is what ratio (___ fibers:purkinje)?

A

climbing, inf olivary nucleus, 1:1

phys 2 exam 2 (1 decks)

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