Exam 2 Flashcards
deep heating modality that uses acoustic energy
ultrasound
most common deep heating modality
ultrasound
most common heating modality
moist hot packs
second most common heating modality
ultrasound
how are ultrasound waves created
electrical current is passed through a crystal causing it to vibrate, which creates sound waves
most ultrasound machines for musculoskeletal use have treatment frequencies in what range
800,000 Hz (0.8MHz) - 3MHz
what is the audible range for Hz
15,000 - 20,000Hz
what is it called when a mechanical deformation of a crystal causes an electrical current to form
piezoelectric effect
what is it called when an alternating current is passed through a crystal
reverse piezoelectric effect
results in very fast contraction and expansion of the crystal and produces very high frequency sound waves
reverse piezoelectric effect
fresnel zone
near field
fraunhofer zone
far field
fresnel zone or fraunhofer zone
fresnel zone (near field)
ERA
effective radiating area
BNR
beam nonuniformity ratio
area of the sound head that produces sound energy
effective radiating area (ERA)
the ERA is always larger than the size of the ultrasound head
FALSE; it is always smaller than the size of the ultrasound head
Ratio between the average intensity of the ultrasound beam across the ERA divided by the peak intensity of the ultrasound beam
(BNR) beam nonuniformity ratio
acceptable range for BNR
it is ideal to have 1 or 1:1 but an acceptable range is 2:1 - 6:1
what is the BNR if the peak intensity is 4 and the average intensity across the ERA is 2
4:2 or 2:1 (1 average intensity over ERA)/(2 peak intensity) = 1/2
what happens to the intensity of the sound wave when the BNR gets lower
it becomes more uniform
what happens to the intensity of the sound wave when the BNR gets higher
it becomes less uniform
covered by the peak intensity
PAMBNR
PAMBNR
peak area of the maximum beam nonuniformity ratio
it is acceptable to do ultrasound underwater in a metal bucket
FALSE; though you can perform ultrasound therapy underwater it is not recommended to do it in a metal container to avoid reflection
since water is such a good conductor for ultrasound, the time and intensity may be reduced for treatment
FALSE; time or intensity must be increased (ultrasound head is .5cm - 3.0cm from skin)
amplitude of ultrasound therapy is measured in
watts
dosage of ultrasound therapy is measured in
W/cm^2
the more watts that are introduced during ultrasound therapy the greater the penetration
FALSE; the greater the watts the greater the heating (frequency dictates depth)
Calculated by dividing the time sound is delivered by the total treatment time
duty cycle
if sound waves are applied 250ms for every second, what would be the duty cycle
25% (250ms/1,000ms)
continuous ultrasound has what duty cycle
100%
main difference in treatment of continuous and pulsed ultrasound
NAME?
which frequency is absorbed more rapidly; higher frequencies (3Hz) or lower frequencies (1Hz… probably more like 0.8)
higher frequency 3Hz
which frequency is absorbed slower; higher frequencies (3Hz) or lower frequencies (1Hz… probably more like 0.8)
lower frequency1Hz
higher frequency ultrasound (3Hz) is used for superficial or deep tissue therapy
superficial
lower frequency ultrasound (1Hz) is used for superficial or deep tissue therapy
deep
what happens to absorption of ultrasound waves when protein concentration is increased
increases
propagation of the ultrasound wave
reflection
straight path when passing obliquely from one medium to another
refraction
what effects does heating have on tissue that ultrasound therapy provides
NAME?
if a therapy is being done for 10 minutes at 1MHz and is changed from 2W/cm^2 to 1.5W/cm^2 what will happen to the duration of the therapy
increase (less intensity, going from 2 to 1.5 will have to increase time of treatment in order to reach same temperature)
due to mechanical pressure exerted by the sound waves
acoustical streaming
non thermal effects of ultrasound
NAME?
what are the benefits of stable cavitation
facilitates fluid movement and membrane transport
precautions for ultrasound therapy use
NAME?
appropriate range of intensity for ultrasound therapy
.5 - 2.5 W/cm^2 and do not exceed a peak intensity of 8.0 W/cm^2
peak intensity for ultrasound threapy should not be above what level
8.0 W/cm^2
what should the size of the treatment area be for ultrasound therapy
2-3 times the size of the ERA
what will happen if your treatment size is too large
heating will not be achieved
sonophoresis aka
phonophoresis
uses for phonophoresis (sonophoresis)
uses sound energy to drive medication into the tissue
uses for ultrasound and electrical stimulation combination
NAME?
type of therapy where ultrasound head becomes the treating electrode when used with a dispersal head
combination (US and Estim)
therapy that is used to help fractures heal faster
low intensity pulsed ultrasound(LIPUS)
therapy that is used to wound cleaning and debridement
MIST therapy
most common type of diathermy used
shortwave
what are the two different types of shortwave diathermy
NAME?
capacitor electrodes in shortwave diathermy use which type of energy field
electrical field
induction electrodes in shortwave diathermy use which type of energy field
magnetic fielld
what causes heat production in diathermy
Rapid rotation of dipoles, mechanical friction and movement
indications for continuous diathermy
NAME?
indications for pulsed diathermy
NAME?
what does LASER stand for
light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
visible light spectrum
400-700nm
the number of excited atoms outweighs the number at ground state
population inversion
light in the same wavelength and in phase is called
coherent light
single color, same wavelength
monochromatic
they don’t diverge
collimation
types of lasers
NAME?
what are two methods of laser application
NAME?
direct effect of laser penetration
0.5 - 2.0 cm deep
indirect effect of laser penetration
1 - 5 cm deep
when the effect is not from heating tissues but from the absorption of photons of light by cells
photobiomodulation (photochemical effects)
photobiostimulation uses high or low dose of laser
lower dose of laser
photobioinhibition uses high or low dose of laser
higher dose of laser
molecules which accept energy from photons
chromophores
respiratory chain enzymes
cytochromes
found in mitochondria, sensitive to light (600-904nm), absorption of photons triggers biochemical reactions
cytochromes
biological effects of laser therapy
NAME?
exempt lasers (invisible lasers) are in what class
class I
examples of class I lasers
CD players and laser printers
low power lasers (visible lasers) are in what class
class II
examples of class II lasers
laser pointers
which class of laser is not hazardous to the eye at all
class I
which class of laser is hazardous when directed continually into the eye
class II
which class of lasers have a moderate risk of damage to the retina but not to skin tissues
class III
therapeutic lasers are in which class
class III (class IIIbl - 5mW to 500mW)
which class of laser are high powered and can cause damage to eyes, burn skin, and fire hazard
class IV
proper dosage for therapeutic lasers
less than 50J for adults and less than 25J for children under 14 years old
What is the depth of penetration of ultraviolet radiation
1-2 mm
What are the physiologic effects of ultraviolet radiation
very superficial:
what are the clinical applications for ultraviolet therapy
NAME?
what are phenothiazines used for
tranquilizers
what are psoralens used for
psoriasis
what are sulfonylureas used for
diabetes
what are diphenhydramines used for
antihistamine
what are contraindications for ultraviolet therapy
photosensitizing drugs
which photosensitizing drugs are the exception to a contraindication for ultraviolet therapy
NAME?
mechanisms of heat transfer
NAME?
direct contact of heat is by which mechanism
conduction
hydrocollator packs use which mechanism of heat transfer
conduction
paraffin baths use which mechanism of heat transfer
conduction
air or water particles move across the body part causing heat or cooling
convection
whirlpools use which mechanism of heat transfer
convection
fluidotherapy uses which mechanism of heat transfer
convection
transfer of heat from a warmer surface to a cooler surface though air represents which mechanism of heating
radiation
infrared lamps use which mechanism of heat transfer
radiation
heat generated from another energy form represents which mechanism of heat transfer
conversion
ultrasound uses which mechanism of heat transfer
conversion
diathermy uses which mechanism of heat transfer
conversion
thermotherapy aka
superficial heat
how deep does superficial heat penetrate
1cm
indications for superficial heat therapy
NAME?
contraindications for superficial heat therapy
NAME?
hydrocollators are used at what temperature
160-165F (71-74C)
appropriate maximum temperature by body part
wrist and hand - 112
paraffin baths are used at what temperature
124 - 133F (51-56C)
treatment time for paraffin dipping
10-30 minutes
treatment time for paraffin immersion
10-15 minutes
treatment time for paraffin brushing
10-30 minutes
fluidotherapy is used at what temperature
120-125F (48-51C)
decreases with change from perpendicular
cosine law
appropriate temperatures for contrasts baths
cold - (41-68)
application of cold for therapeutic purposes
cryotherapy
combination of cold and exercise
cryokinetics
increase in tissue temperature during cold therapy
hunting-lewis response
goals of cryotherapy
NAME?
allergic reaction to cold temperature
cold urticaria
stimulated by cold application
cryoglobinemia
cold induced hemoglobinuria aka
paroxsymal cold hemoglobinuria
NAME?
cold induced hemoglobinuria (paroxsymal cold hemoglobinuria)
what are the stages of sensation for cryotherapy
CBAN:
warm water layer that forms around a body part when immersed in water
thermopane
temperature for whirlpool and immersion that would be equal to using an ice pack to cool tissue
immersion - 40-50 degrees
how long should an ice message last
5-10 minutes