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Active Care PT II > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

deep heating modality that uses acoustic energy

A

ultrasound

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2
Q

most common deep heating modality

A

ultrasound

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3
Q

most common heating modality

A

moist hot packs

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4
Q

second most common heating modality

A

ultrasound

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5
Q

how are ultrasound waves created

A

electrical current is passed through a crystal causing it to vibrate, which creates sound waves

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6
Q

most ultrasound machines for musculoskeletal use have treatment frequencies in what range

A

800,000 Hz (0.8MHz) - 3MHz

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7
Q

what is the audible range for Hz

A

15,000 - 20,000Hz

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8
Q

what is it called when a mechanical deformation of a crystal causes an electrical current to form

A

piezoelectric effect

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9
Q

what is it called when an alternating current is passed through a crystal

A

reverse piezoelectric effect

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10
Q

results in very fast contraction and expansion of the crystal and produces very high frequency sound waves

A

reverse piezoelectric effect

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11
Q

fresnel zone

A

near field

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12
Q

fraunhofer zone

A

far field

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13
Q

fresnel zone or fraunhofer zone

A

fresnel zone (near field)

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14
Q

ERA

A

effective radiating area

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15
Q

BNR

A

beam nonuniformity ratio

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16
Q

area of the sound head that produces sound energy

A

effective radiating area (ERA)

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17
Q

the ERA is always larger than the size of the ultrasound head

A

FALSE; it is always smaller than the size of the ultrasound head

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18
Q

Ratio between the average intensity of the ultrasound beam across the ERA divided by the peak intensity of the ultrasound beam

A

(BNR) beam nonuniformity ratio

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19
Q

acceptable range for BNR

A

it is ideal to have 1 or 1:1 but an acceptable range is 2:1 - 6:1

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20
Q

what is the BNR if the peak intensity is 4 and the average intensity across the ERA is 2

A

4:2 or 2:1 (1 average intensity over ERA)/(2 peak intensity) = 1/2

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21
Q

what happens to the intensity of the sound wave when the BNR gets lower

A

it becomes more uniform

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22
Q

what happens to the intensity of the sound wave when the BNR gets higher

A

it becomes less uniform

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23
Q

covered by the peak intensity

A

PAMBNR

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24
Q

PAMBNR

A

peak area of the maximum beam nonuniformity ratio

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25
Q

it is acceptable to do ultrasound underwater in a metal bucket

A

FALSE; though you can perform ultrasound therapy underwater it is not recommended to do it in a metal container to avoid reflection

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26
Q

since water is such a good conductor for ultrasound, the time and intensity may be reduced for treatment

A

FALSE; time or intensity must be increased (ultrasound head is .5cm - 3.0cm from skin)

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27
Q

amplitude of ultrasound therapy is measured in

A

watts

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28
Q

dosage of ultrasound therapy is measured in

A

W/cm^2

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29
Q

the more watts that are introduced during ultrasound therapy the greater the penetration

A

FALSE; the greater the watts the greater the heating (frequency dictates depth)

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30
Q

Calculated by dividing the time sound is delivered by the total treatment time

A

duty cycle

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31
Q

if sound waves are applied 250ms for every second, what would be the duty cycle

A

25% (250ms/1,000ms)

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32
Q

continuous ultrasound has what duty cycle

A

100%

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33
Q

main difference in treatment of continuous and pulsed ultrasound

A

NAME?

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34
Q

which frequency is absorbed more rapidly; higher frequencies (3Hz) or lower frequencies (1Hz… probably more like 0.8)

A

higher frequency 3Hz

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35
Q

which frequency is absorbed slower; higher frequencies (3Hz) or lower frequencies (1Hz… probably more like 0.8)

A

lower frequency1Hz

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36
Q

higher frequency ultrasound (3Hz) is used for superficial or deep tissue therapy

A

superficial

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37
Q

lower frequency ultrasound (1Hz) is used for superficial or deep tissue therapy

A

deep

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38
Q

what happens to absorption of ultrasound waves when protein concentration is increased

A

increases

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39
Q

propagation of the ultrasound wave

A

reflection

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40
Q

straight path when passing obliquely from one medium to another

A

refraction

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41
Q

what effects does heating have on tissue that ultrasound therapy provides

A

NAME?

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42
Q

if a therapy is being done for 10 minutes at 1MHz and is changed from 2W/cm^2 to 1.5W/cm^2 what will happen to the duration of the therapy

A

increase (less intensity, going from 2 to 1.5 will have to increase time of treatment in order to reach same temperature)

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43
Q

due to mechanical pressure exerted by the sound waves

A

acoustical streaming

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44
Q

non thermal effects of ultrasound

A

NAME?

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45
Q

what are the benefits of stable cavitation

A

facilitates fluid movement and membrane transport

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46
Q

precautions for ultrasound therapy use

A

NAME?

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47
Q

appropriate range of intensity for ultrasound therapy

A

.5 - 2.5 W/cm^2 and do not exceed a peak intensity of 8.0 W/cm^2

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48
Q

peak intensity for ultrasound threapy should not be above what level

A

8.0 W/cm^2

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49
Q

what should the size of the treatment area be for ultrasound therapy

A

2-3 times the size of the ERA

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50
Q

what will happen if your treatment size is too large

A

heating will not be achieved

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51
Q

sonophoresis aka

A

phonophoresis

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52
Q

uses for phonophoresis (sonophoresis)

A

uses sound energy to drive medication into the tissue

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53
Q

uses for ultrasound and electrical stimulation combination

A

NAME?

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54
Q

type of therapy where ultrasound head becomes the treating electrode when used with a dispersal head

A

combination (US and Estim)

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55
Q

therapy that is used to help fractures heal faster

A

low intensity pulsed ultrasound(LIPUS)

56
Q

therapy that is used to wound cleaning and debridement

A

MIST therapy

57
Q

most common type of diathermy used

A

shortwave

58
Q

what are the two different types of shortwave diathermy

A

NAME?

59
Q

capacitor electrodes in shortwave diathermy use which type of energy field

A

electrical field

60
Q

induction electrodes in shortwave diathermy use which type of energy field

A

magnetic fielld

61
Q

what causes heat production in diathermy

A

Rapid rotation of dipoles, mechanical friction and movement

62
Q

indications for continuous diathermy

A

NAME?

63
Q

indications for pulsed diathermy

A

NAME?

64
Q

what does LASER stand for

A

light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

65
Q

visible light spectrum

A

400-700nm

66
Q

the number of excited atoms outweighs the number at ground state

A

population inversion

67
Q

light in the same wavelength and in phase is called

A

coherent light

68
Q

single color, same wavelength

A

monochromatic

69
Q

they don’t diverge

A

collimation

70
Q

types of lasers

A

NAME?

71
Q

what are two methods of laser application

A

NAME?

72
Q

direct effect of laser penetration

A

0.5 - 2.0 cm deep

73
Q

indirect effect of laser penetration

A

1 - 5 cm deep

74
Q

when the effect is not from heating tissues but from the absorption of photons of light by cells

A

photobiomodulation (photochemical effects)

75
Q

photobiostimulation uses high or low dose of laser

A

lower dose of laser

76
Q

photobioinhibition uses high or low dose of laser

A

higher dose of laser

77
Q

molecules which accept energy from photons

A

chromophores

78
Q

respiratory chain enzymes

A

cytochromes

79
Q

found in mitochondria, sensitive to light (600-904nm), absorption of photons triggers biochemical reactions

A

cytochromes

80
Q

biological effects of laser therapy

A

NAME?

81
Q

exempt lasers (invisible lasers) are in what class

A

class I

82
Q

examples of class I lasers

A

CD players and laser printers

83
Q

low power lasers (visible lasers) are in what class

A

class II

84
Q

examples of class II lasers

A

laser pointers

85
Q

which class of laser is not hazardous to the eye at all

A

class I

86
Q

which class of laser is hazardous when directed continually into the eye

A

class II

87
Q

which class of lasers have a moderate risk of damage to the retina but not to skin tissues

A

class III

88
Q

therapeutic lasers are in which class

A

class III (class IIIbl - 5mW to 500mW)

89
Q

which class of laser are high powered and can cause damage to eyes, burn skin, and fire hazard

A

class IV

90
Q

proper dosage for therapeutic lasers

A

less than 50J for adults and less than 25J for children under 14 years old

91
Q

What is the depth of penetration of ultraviolet radiation

A

1-2 mm

92
Q

What are the physiologic effects of ultraviolet radiation

A

very superficial:

93
Q

what are the clinical applications for ultraviolet therapy

A

NAME?

94
Q

what are phenothiazines used for

A

tranquilizers

95
Q

what are psoralens used for

A

psoriasis

96
Q

what are sulfonylureas used for

A

diabetes

97
Q

what are diphenhydramines used for

A

antihistamine

98
Q

what are contraindications for ultraviolet therapy

A

photosensitizing drugs

99
Q

which photosensitizing drugs are the exception to a contraindication for ultraviolet therapy

A

NAME?

100
Q

mechanisms of heat transfer

A

NAME?

101
Q

direct contact of heat is by which mechanism

A

conduction

102
Q

hydrocollator packs use which mechanism of heat transfer

A

conduction

103
Q

paraffin baths use which mechanism of heat transfer

A

conduction

104
Q

air or water particles move across the body part causing heat or cooling

A

convection

105
Q

whirlpools use which mechanism of heat transfer

A

convection

106
Q

fluidotherapy uses which mechanism of heat transfer

A

convection

107
Q

transfer of heat from a warmer surface to a cooler surface though air represents which mechanism of heating

A

radiation

108
Q

infrared lamps use which mechanism of heat transfer

A

radiation

109
Q

heat generated from another energy form represents which mechanism of heat transfer

A

conversion

110
Q

ultrasound uses which mechanism of heat transfer

A

conversion

111
Q

diathermy uses which mechanism of heat transfer

A

conversion

112
Q

thermotherapy aka

A

superficial heat

113
Q

how deep does superficial heat penetrate

A

1cm

114
Q

indications for superficial heat therapy

A

NAME?

115
Q

contraindications for superficial heat therapy

A

NAME?

116
Q

hydrocollators are used at what temperature

A

160-165F (71-74C)

117
Q

appropriate maximum temperature by body part

A

wrist and hand - 112

118
Q

paraffin baths are used at what temperature

A

124 - 133F (51-56C)

119
Q

treatment time for paraffin dipping

A

10-30 minutes

120
Q

treatment time for paraffin immersion

A

10-15 minutes

121
Q

treatment time for paraffin brushing

A

10-30 minutes

122
Q

fluidotherapy is used at what temperature

A

120-125F (48-51C)

123
Q

decreases with change from perpendicular

A

cosine law

124
Q

appropriate temperatures for contrasts baths

A

cold - (41-68)

125
Q

application of cold for therapeutic purposes

A

cryotherapy

126
Q

combination of cold and exercise

A

cryokinetics

127
Q

increase in tissue temperature during cold therapy

A

hunting-lewis response

128
Q

goals of cryotherapy

A

NAME?

129
Q

allergic reaction to cold temperature

A

cold urticaria

130
Q

stimulated by cold application

A

cryoglobinemia

131
Q

cold induced hemoglobinuria aka

A

paroxsymal cold hemoglobinuria

132
Q

NAME?

A

cold induced hemoglobinuria (paroxsymal cold hemoglobinuria)

133
Q

what are the stages of sensation for cryotherapy

A

CBAN:

134
Q

warm water layer that forms around a body part when immersed in water

A

thermopane

135
Q

temperature for whirlpool and immersion that would be equal to using an ice pack to cool tissue

A

immersion - 40-50 degrees

136
Q

how long should an ice message last

A

5-10 minutes

Active Care PT II (2 decks)

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