EXAM 2

Question 1

What kind of research is useful for practitioners

Answer 1

• How and when children develop skills/abilities
• what influences development (family, peers, culture)
• Strategies for improving (academic, social/emotional, and mental/physical outcomes)

Question 2

Research Cautions and Limitations

Answer 2

• What is the sample like (SES, race, geographic location, sample size)
• has the study been replicated
• was it correlational or experimental
• how were the variables measured
• what constraints do I face in my professional environment making research difficult.

Question 3

Developmentally Appropriate Practice

Answer 3

• Age Appropriate
• Individual Appropriate
• Culture Appropriate

Question 4

Age Appropriate

Answer 4

Consideration of age

• biological/physical
• cognitive
• language
• social-emotional
• moral

Question 5

Individual appropriate

Answer 5

consideration of individual variation, diversity.

Question 6

Culture Appropriatness

Answer 6

Consideration of cultural norms, values, diversity.

Question 7

Behavioral

Answer 7

Operant Conditioning

Social learning theory

Question 8

Cognitive

Answer 8

Piaget
Information Processing
Vygotsky

Question 9

Where can you find Research

Answer 9

• professional organization publications
• Newspapers and other media outlets
• books
• literature search

Question 10

Operant Conditioning

Answer 10

Positive and Negative reinforcement

-Punishment to decrease likelihood of behavior

Question 11

Contextual

Answer 11

Brofenbrenner.

Question 12

Social Learning Theory

Answer 12

Learn by watching others

• More likely when people are unsure how to act
• more likely to imitate behavior of a model who is seen as strong

Question 13

Cognitive:Piaget

Answer 13

Stage like development (universal pattern)

• Children play an active role, “little scientists”
• Schemes: organized patterns of behavior
• assimilation vs. Accomodation

Question 14

Assimilation

Answer 14

incorporating information into existing schemas.

Question 15

Accomodation

Answer 15

Changing schema to accommodate new information

Question 16

Schemes

Answer 16

organized patterns of behavior or thoughts.

Question 17

Information Processing

Cognitive Theory

Answer 17

focused on the specific process by which individuals acquire an use the information to which they are exposed.

Question 18

Information Processing Model

Answer 18

encode: take relevant info
Storage: put info into memory
Retrival: process by which material in memory is located and used.

Question 19

Cognitive theory

Vygotsky

Answer 19

ZOne of Proximal Development

Scaffold

Question 20

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 20

that which a child can do with help, but cannot do on their own.

Question 21

Scaffolding

Answer 21

targeting teaching in the ZPD and moving up as the ZPD expands

Question 22

COntexual/Sociocultural

Brofenbrenner

Answer 22

development must me understood within multiple contexts/levels of influence

Question 23

Microsystem

Answer 23

Mom, Dad, child care center etc

Question 24

Mesosystem

Answer 24

How all in the Microsystem communicate with the child

Question 25

Exosystem

Answer 25

How the microsystems outside environment conflicts or works with the child.

Question 26

Macrosystem

Answer 26

Media, culture, customs

Question 27

Developmentally appropriate practice

Answer 27

Is an approach to teaching grounded in the research of how young children develop and learn and in what is know about effective early education. its framework is designed to promote young childrens optimal learning and development