Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Coliform bacteria characteristics
A
- Lactose positive
- E. Coli
- Klebsiella
- Enterobacter
2
Q
E. Coli general characteristics
A
Lactose positive, oxidase negative, motile rods
3
Q
Definition of a serotype
A
Complete antigenic formula of an organism
Includes O-antigen, finbriae, flagella, capsule, ect
4
Q
Cell associated virulence factors
A
Endotoxins, capsule, fimbrial adhesions, non-fimbrial adhesions,
5
Q
E. coli extracellular virulence factors
A
Enterotoxin, cytotoxin, siderophores
6
Q
E. coli -> PIGS (enterotoxic) age group and symptoms
A
Neonate - weanling ages
Watery diarrhea, dehydration, but will still drink, older animals will have white-grey diarrhea (not so watery), very smelly feces
7
Q
E. coli -> PIGS (enterotoxic)
Adhesion factors list:
A
F4 , F5, F6, F18, F41, non-fimbrial adhesions
8
Q
E. coli -> PIGS (enterotoxic)
Adhesion factor F4 Aka (K88)
A
Mannose resistant, pigs only, genes expressed at body temperature
On plasmids
9
Q
E. coli -> PIGS (enterotoxic)
Adhesion factor F5 Aka (K99)
A
Pigs and bovine, mannose resistant, temperature dependent,
only causes neonatal diarrhea
10
Q
E. coli -> PIGS (enterotoxic)
Adhesion factor F6 Aka (987P)
A
Mainly extrachromosomal, neonatal
11
Q
E. coli -> PIGS (enterotoxic)
Adhesion factor F41
A
Chromosomal, mannose resistant, pigs and bovine, frequently with F5, RARE
12
Q
E. coli -> PIGS (enterotoxic)
Non-fimbrial adhesions
A
Adhesions involved in diffuse adherence
13
Q
E. coli -> PIGS Enterotoxin
LT -> heat labile
A
High molecular weight, strong antigen, activates adenylate cyclase, decrease Na absorption, increase CL and HCO3 secretion
14
Q
E. coli -> PIGS Enterotoxic
Heat stabile list
A
STa, STb, EAST1
Common traits
- low molecular weight
- little antigenic
- withstand 15 minutes 121degrees Centigrade
15
Q
E. coli -> PIGS Enterotoxic
Heat stable STa
A
Activation of guanylate cyclase system, decrease Na+ absorption, increase secretion of HCO3 and CL
16
Q
E. coli -> PIGS Enterotoxic
Heat stable STb
A
Increase prostaglandin E2 –> secretion of water and electrolytes
Stimulation of 5-hydrotryptamine secretion
17
Q
E. coli -> PIGS Enterotoxic
Heat stable EAST1 (Enteroaggregtive E. coli Heat Stable Toxin)
A
Closely related to STa
Also in EPEC, AEEC, VTEC
18
Q
E. coli diseases in pigs: Enterotoxigenic (ETEC)
A
Characteristics mostly are age dependant
Neonates: F5, F6, F41, STa, STb & non-hemolytic
Neonate- 4 weeks: F4, LT, STa, STb, EAST1, hemolytic
Weanling diarrhea: F4, F18, STB, EAST1, hemolytic
19
Q
E. coli in pigs epidemiology
General
A
E.coli can be found in the GI of healthy sows, there has to be an equilibrium between maternal immunity and infection pressure, if this equilibrium breaks there will be disease
20
Q
E. coli in pigs epidemiology
How to increase infection pressure
A
Low hygiene
Presence of ETEC diseased piglets
Lowering maternal immunity
Appearance of a new type
21
Q
E. coli in pigs epidemiology
Problems that effect pig immunity
A
Sow : MMA or her first delivery
Piglets: low birth weights, other infections
If a pig has too many piglets
22
Q
E. coli in pigs PATHOGENESIS
A
Ascend from lower bowel
Oral uptake
Small intestine
Colonization
23
Q
E. coli in pigs: ETEC
Diagnosis
A
Detection of virulence factors, agglutination tests, PCR
24
Q
E. coli in pigs: ETEC
Treatment
A
Hydration (SQ, IP) or PO with electrolyte + glucose + AA
Antimicrobials (based on a susceptibility profile)
25
E. coli in pigs: ETEC
| Prevention
- Keep infection pressure low and maternal immunity high
- Hygiene: prevent spread
- Vaccination: sows, inactive (different serotypes), purified adhesion factors and LT, vaccinate sows 2-6 wks b4 partus
- Selection for receptor free piglets (F4)
26
E. coli in pigs: VTEC -> verotoxigenic
Oedema disease - post weaning
Mixed ETEC/VTEC - Odema and diarrhea
27
E. coli in pigs: VTEC
| Virulence factors
Adhesion small bowel: F18
Specific receptor (if absent = resistant)
Exotoxin- VT2e or Stx2e: media necrosis
Endotoxin: acute mortality
28
E. coli in pigs: VTEC
| Epidemiology
Sow to piglet
Weaning-> stress, GI flora changes, maternal immunity
Excretion -> increased infection pressure -> contamination of others
29
```
E. coli in pigs: VTEC
Toxin production (speeds)
```
Endotoxin
Leads to media necrosis
Hyper acute: enterorrhagia
Acute: permeability of blood vessels oedema (CNS and dyspena)
Slower: intravascular coagulation (CNS)
ENDOTOXIN: shock and acute mortality
30
E. coli in pigs: VTEC
| Symptoms
- Less than 3 weeks after weaning
- Multiple piglets effected
- Clinical: acute mortality (some), diarrhea(some), anorexia,
oedema -> hoarse voice, CNS symptoms, dyspnoea, swollen eyelids
31
E. coli in pigs: VTEC
| Diagnosis
Clinical signs
Pathological findings
Bacteriology
Conformation: demonstration of virulence factors (PCR)
32
E. coli in pigs: VTEC
| Treatment
- Sick animals: fasting, antimicrobials (susceptibility testing due to resistance)
- Healthy animals: antimicrobial therapy
- incubation time of toxin 2-3 days (symptoms after treatment possible)
33
E. coli in pigs: VTEC
| Prevention
- Reduce stress
- Feed composition
- Adapt GI flora: probiotics, organic acids, zinc oxide (2400ppm kills, put in feed for 14 days after weaning), vaccination
- Selective of receptor (F18) negative animals
34
E. coli in pigs: EPEC --> Enteropathigenic
More rare, little known about its general role
Diarrhea
Attaching and effacing
T3SS (needle) and injection of effector proteins
Diagnosis
- isolation + PCR (eae (intimin) gene)
35
E. coli diseases in pigs: UTI
- Most important pathogen in UTI in pigs (& other mammals)
- E. coli infection originated most likely from intestine
- Virulence factors in pigs? (Research)
- Predisposition factors: hygiene, water intake, obstipation, age, individual difference
36
E. coli diseases in pigs: UTI
| Symptoms
Anorexia
Hematuria
Vaginal exudate
General malaise (sometimes)
37
E. coli diseases in pigs: UTI
| Diagnosis
Bacteriology (semi quantitative from 10^3 - 10^5 on)
38
E. coli diseases in pigs: UTI
| Treatment
Culling (due to fertility problems)
| Antibiotics approximately 3 weeks
39
E. coli diseases in pigs: MMA & PPDS
- Metritis-mastitis-aglacitiae
- Post Partum Dysgalactiae Syndrome
- Etiology: hereditary, hormonal, feed, infections agents E. coli, (Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp.
40
E. coli diseases in pigs: Septicemia
Secondary to enteric infection
| Rarely primary
41
E. coli diseases in Bovines
ETEC: less than 3 days of age
EPEC/EHEC: animals older than one week
Septicemic: neonates, lack of colostrum
42
E. coli diseases in Bovines: ETEC
| Symptoms
Watery diarrhea --> dehydration
| Animals less than 3 days old (neonates)
43
E. coli diseases in Bovines: ETEC
| Virulence factors
- Fimbriae: F5(most common), F41, F17(role unclear), CS31A(related to F4 frequently diarrhea in older animals)
- Toxins: STa, STb
44
E. coli diseases in Bovines: ETEC
| Pathigenesis
Oral uptake
Multiplication
Enterotoxin production
- (secondary septicemia)
45
E. coli diseases in Bovines: ETEC
| Effects on Pathogenesis
Equilibrium between immunity and infection pressure
Colostrum- too little, too late, too low in antibodies
Infection- to early, or to high infection pressure
46
E. coli diseases in Bovines: ETEC
| Diagnosis
ELISA
| Culture + virulence factors (agglutination or PCR)
47
E. coli diseases in Bovines: ETEC
| Treatment
Sick:
- Separate,
- Hydration,
- Antibiotics (high resistance, diarrhea + fever: parenteral therapy, no fever: colistin PO)
- NSAID (shock)
48
E. coli diseases in Bovines: ETEC
| Prevention
Dairy farms
- Hygiene : separate calves from mothers
- Colostrum: of multi-partus animals
- Antibiotics p.o. (4-5d, colistin)
- Vaccination of dams
- Antibodies PO
49
E. coli diseases in Bovines: EHEC and EPEC
```
EPEC: eae
EHEC: eae + VT (VT1 and/or VT2) ***Zoonosis****
Specific stereotypes
Age 1-8wks
Mucoid diarrhea +/- blood
Mainly large intestine
Therapy: antibiotics
```
50
E. coli diseases in Bovines: Mastitis
```
No known virulence factors
DD: Gram +/- -- infection
-> G- has fever
-> loss of quarter
Prevention: hygiene
Treatment: systemic antibiotics
```
51
E. coli diseases in Bovines: Septicemiae
| Virulence factors
- ExPEC
- Facultative pathogenic (freq in GI tract)
- Virulence factors: serum resistance, iron uptake systems, endotoxin, capsule, adhesion factors (P, F17, AfaE-Vlll, CS31A), CNF1, CNF2 toxins
52
E. coli diseases in Bovines: Septicemiae
| Pathogenesis
Per os
Umbilical chord
Colostrum
53
E. coli diseases in Bovines: Septicemiae
| Symptoms
- Hyper acute: acute mortality and shock
- Acute: General symptoms, Fast mortality
- Slower: organ localization, poly arthritis, pneumonia, pleuritis, menigo-encephalitis
54
E. coli diseases in Bovines: Septicemiae
| Diagnosis
- Clinical: age, symptoms, colostrum, low gamma globulins in serum
- Isolation and PCR virulence genes
55
E. coli diseases in Bovines: Septicemiae
| Treatment / prevention
NSAID (shock)
Antibiotics (susceptibility testing)
Gamma globulins: plasma from older animals
Prevention: colostrum
56
E. coli diseases in Cats and dogs: Enteric
Dog: frequently with other pathogens
ETEC, EPEC, VTEC, EIEC:seen in clinically healthy and diarrheic
Pups: CNF1 E. coli: association w/ diarrhea and septicemia
Cats (???) not so common
57
E. coli diseases in cats and dogs: cystitis and pyometra
Cystitis
Dogs: fimbriae: type 1, F12, F13(associated with human UTI)
Specific stereotypes (O2, O4, O6, O83)
50% a-hemolytic
Same strains seen in pyometra
Cat: seldom (high osmolarity of urine is antibacterial)
58
E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds
Most important disease in broilers and layers
Facultative pathogen
Normal E. coli flora has ~10% pathogenic serotypes
59
E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds
| Stereotypes / virulence factors
Serotypes: O1, O2, O78
Virulence factors: not fully understood
60
E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds
| Clinical appearance
Neonatal: coliobacillsis
Respiratory: colibacillosis and septicemia
Peritonitis (layers)
Coli granuloma (old backyard chickens)
Otitis media (part of swollen head syndrome)
Chronic respiratory colibacillosis and arthritis
61
E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds
| Pathogenesis
```
Contamination of eggshell
Neonatal contamination
Manipulation of chicks
All lead to yolk rest infection.
Excretion in feces -> can be inhaled
```
62
E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds
| Pathogenesis in layers
Peritonitis
Endrogenic infection
Start of lay
Chronic form in older birds
63
E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds
| Diagnosis
Pathological lesions
| Isolation E. coli from different internal organs (liver, spleen, lungs)
64
E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds
| Treatment / prevention
Treatment: Very difficult, Antibiotics: susceptibility testing needed
Prevention: hygiene, stress, temperature, vaccine (Zoetis, Poulvac) for breeding stock immunization
65
E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds
| Broilers
```
Scabby hip/ Necrotic dermatitis
E. coli O78, O2
Frequently also other bacteria
Difficult to diagnose (feathers)
Found at slaughter
Prevention: lower the density
```
66
E. coli diseases in rabbits: RPEC
- Can also be EPEC (eae positive)
- Diagnosis: clinical symptoms, isolation and sub-typing (needed)
- Treatment: antibiotics
67
Salmonella General Characteristics
- Obligate symbiont
- Virulence: host specific serotypes (typhoid)
Host adapted/ restricted serotypes
Also, non-host specific serotypes
- Quite resistant in environment: protected by organic material & in dry place
68
Salmonella General Characteristics
| Zoonotic aspects
Zoonotic - non host specific, some host adapted/restricted
Non-zoonotic - host specific, some host adapted/restricted
Antimicrobial resistance and the zoonotic aspect are a matter of concern
69
Salmonella
| Pathogenesis
Facultative intracellular
Differences in Pathogenesis between:
- host adapted (typhoid) + host restricted
- non host adapted
70
Salmonella
| Pathogenesis
Per os
| Inhalation
71
Salmonella and Bovines
| Symptoms: S. Typhimurium
Different serotypes possible but mainly: S. Typhimurium, S. Dublin
S. Typhimurium- diarrhea (ileum and lg. intestine) + general symptoms
Tissue localization: abortion and udder
72
Salmonella and Bovines
| Symptoms: S. Dublin
- Calves: diarrhea, general symptoms, tissue localization: lung, liver, spleen.
- Adult: diarrhea, general symptoms, organ dependent symptoms: abortion and mastitis (persisting intracellular) -> carriers
73
Salmonella and Bovines
| Diagnosis
Live animals: fecal material, milk (sub clinical mastitis), respiratory: BAL, arthritis puncture, abortion (fetus, placenta, vagina)
Dear animals: ileum & other organs
74
Salmonella and Bovines
| Treatment
Isolation of sick animals
Fluid therapy
Antimicrobials
NSAID
75
Salmonella and Pigs
| Types
S. Choleraesuis: typhoid
| Non host specific salmonella
76
Salmonella and Pigs
| Clinical symptoms in >50kg animals
Most common subclinical
Diarrhea and general symptoms
Slow spread
Hyper acute form (>70-80kg) acute mortality
Acute form is frequent with cyanosis
Chronic form is nonspecific with stunted growth
77
Is Salmonella from Pigs zoonotic?
Yes
78
Most common cause Salmonella and Pigs?
Mainly S. Typhimurium
Also S. Derby
79
Salmonella and Pigs
| Diagnosis
Bacterial culture
ELISA (antigen)
ELISA (antibodies) difficult to intemperate used for control programs
80
Salmonella and Pigs
| Treatment
Antimicrobials
| Eventually general support (NSAID)
81
Salmonella and Pigs
| Prevention
```
Manage AI and AO (clean and disinfect)
Organic acids in drinking water or feed
- short chain fatty acids
- medium/long chain fatty acids are more antimicrobial
Feed composition (want smaller pieces)
vaccination
```
82
Salmonella In horses
| Types
Salmonella abortus-equi
*rare!
Pathogenesis depends on uptake (mares have symptoms)
83
Salmonella in horses
| Diagnosis and treatment
D: Bacteriology
T: Antimicrobials
- elimination from reproductive organs is difficult (intracellular)
84
Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Pathogenesis
Short incubation time hours to 6 days
85
Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Symptoms (mild)
Mild - general symptoms (fever, anorexia, depression)
- slight diarrhea, diagnosis difficult (feces isolate unsuccessful)
- self limiting
86
Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Symptoms (acute)
Fever, anorexia, mild colic, 24hr diarrhea, sever symptoms and cyanosis, shock (possible), laminitis, slow recovery (possible relapse) can lead to chronic
87
Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Symptoms (chronic)
Intermittent diarrhea, intermittent anorexia,my eight loss, intermittent fever
88
Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Symptoms (hyper acute)
```
Foals, sever general symptoms, eventually diarrhea
Endotoxin shock (24-72hr) --> death
```
89
Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Symptoms (tissue localization)
Foal
Bring it to clinic depending on organ affected
Frequent arthritis
90
Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Diagnosis
Neutropenia
| Culture
91
Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Therapy / prevention
```
Hydration IV
Shock: NSAID (no cortico steroids -> laminitis)
Antimicrobials
Watch for carriers!!
Prevention: hygiene
```
92
Salmonella in cats and dogs
| Type/symptoms
No host specific serovars
Enteritis and septicemia
93
Salmonella in cats and dogs
| How do they aquire?
Food!
Dogs are carriers 0-36%
Cats are carriers 0 - 20%
94
Salmonella in cats and dogs
| Diagnosis and treatment
- Culture, ELISA, PCR
| - Hydration & antibiotics (contraindication with animals in good condiment --> carriers!!
95
Salmonella in pigeons: Paratyphus
| Types
S. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen
Specific colonial lineage
PT 2 and 99
Non-zoonotic
96
Salmonella in pigeons: Paratyphus
| Disease
Acute paratyphus: mainly during breeding
Chronic: one wing hanging down (tissue localization), intermittent shedding
97
Salmonella in pigeons: Paratyphus
| Symptoms in a flock
Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, limping, unable to fly, breeding difficulties, apathetic, polyurea -polydipsia, mortality
98
Salmonella in pigeons: Paratyphus
| Diagnosis and treatment
D: bacterial culture, rapid slide agglutination
T: Antimicrobials (highly susceptible), immune therapy inactive vaccine (not prevention of infection but reduces severity), hygiene
99
Enterobacteriaceae General characteristics... Go!
- Gram neg
- Facultative anaerobic
- Rods or coccobacilli
- Oxidase negative (mostly)
- Present in H2O, soil and G.I.
100
Salmonella in psittaciformes (parrots) and passeriformes (birds)
Types
* Psittaciformes • Very rare
| * Passerformes: S. Typhimurium (other clone than Columbiformes)
101
Salmonella in psittaciformes and passeriformes
| Pathogenesis
Salmonella in psittaciformes and passeriformes
102
Salmonella in psittaciformes and passeriformes
| Symptoms
```
DD. rodentiosis (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis)
• Apathic,
• Reduced feed and water intake
• Chronic
• Diarrhea (most of the time)
```
103
Salmonella in Poultry
| Types
• Typhoid/paratyphoid Salmonella
- S. Pullorum
- S. Gallinarum
• Non-typhoid Salmonella
- S. Enteriditis
• Other: Typhimurium, Virchow, Paratyphi B, Infantis, Agona, Newport(US)
---- Quite complex and variable epidemiology
104
Typhoid Salmonella in poultry
| S. Pullorum/Gallinarum
• Antigenically same (1, 9, 12:-: -), Antigenically similar to S. Enteriditis (1, 9, 12:g,m:-)
• Vaccination against SE gives false positives in serology
- PCR only differentiation
- REPORTABLE
- Elimination programs in place
105
Typhoid Salmonella in poultry
| Turkeys
S. enterica ssp. arizonae
106
Typhoid Salmonella in poultry
| S. Pullorum
* Pullorum disease
| * Chicken, turkey, pheasant • Younger animals (
107
Typhoid Salmonella in poultry
| S. Pullorum Symptoms
• Acute sepsis
• General symptoms
• Differences in virulence of the strains
• Typical granulomatous lesions stomach, liver and myocardium
• Adults: oophoritis with deformed yellow-greenish follicles
- Survivors become carriers! Both vert and horz. transmission
108
Typhoid Salmonella in poultry
| Diagnosis / Treatment
• Bacterial culture
• Serology: slide agglutination
--- Care: cross reactivity with SE vaccination
--- False positives due to Streptococci Lancefield D
T: Only for hobby poultry: antibiotics, but no elimination (intracellular) • Reportable
109
Typoid Salmonella in poultry
| Turkeys
Mainly in the USA, Different serotypes, Only younger animals (General symptoms with mortality up to 50%)
110
Typoid Salmonella in poultry
| Turkeys: Diagnosis/treatment/control
* Diagnosis: culture
* Treatment: Best eradication
* Control by serology (slide agglutination): difficult, Different serotypes, False negatives
111
Paratyphoid Salmonella in poultry
| S. Enteriditis
Zoonotic (egg contamination) -> Consumption of undercooked, raw egg
• Used to be the most frequent serotype causing zoonotic infection
• Decreased enormously due to vaccination, Vaccination is imposed legally in Europe (not in the US), Eggs from positive laying flocks can only be used after heating
112
Paratyphoid Salmonella in poultry
| Other Serotypes
* Geographical differences in prevalence of different serotypes
* Differences in time (evolution)
* Many are serotypes are zoonotic
* EU: breeding animals must be free of Enteriditis, Typhimurium, Virchow, Hadar, Infantis, Paratyphi B var. Java
* 30% broilers are positive
* At slaughter, up to 80% positive (cross contamination)
* In US, decontamination of carcasses with bleach (not allowed in EU)
113
Paratyphoid Salmonella in poultry
| Remediation in positive flocks (no elimination)
* No vaccine
* Pro-, prebiotics
* Fatty acids
114
Klebsiella
| Types
* Klebsiella pneumoniae
| * Klebsiella oxytoca
115
Klebsiella
| General
* In waters, soil, environment, GI tract
* Coliform
* Important in nosocomial infections and health care associated infections in humans (sepsis, UTI, respiratory) ( to a much lesser instance in animals)
* Opportunistic pathogen
* Non human primates
116
Klebsiella
| Equine metritis
* Vaginitis, infertility, abortion
| * Transmission: stallion, fomites, vaginal specula & biopsy equipment (vets!!)
117
Klebsiella
| Equine Umbilical infections
* Mainly animals with too little colostrum consumed (rather susceptible to a lot of infections...)
* Omphalitis, and further septicaemiae, arthritis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis
118
Klebsiella Dogs (rare finding)
* Pyometra
| * Cystitis
119
Klebsiella: bovine
Mastitis
120
Klebsiella infections in animals
| Treatment
* Natural resistance to amoxy/ampi (chromosomal β-lactamase)
* Susceptible to amoxy+clav
* High level of acquired resistance • Difficult to treat
121
Yersinia
| Types
```
• Y. pestis
• Y. pseudotuberculosis
• Y. enterocolitica
• Y. ruckeri- Fish pathogen
* Replicates at 40C
```
122
Y. pestis
PLAGUE! Infects humans and cats
| travels by fleas and wild rodents
123
Yersinia pestis
| Virulence factors
* Capsule
* Toxins (many different) • Iron acquisition
* Many virulence genes are located on plasmids
124
Yersinia pestis
| Epidemiology
- Endemic areas
• Western North America, southern Asia, Southern and west Africa, north- central South America
• Mainly in warm months: temperatures above 270C, Y. pestis does not produce a coagulase that blocks the fleas proventriculus (where Y. pestis XXX)
• Parallels presence of rodent hosts (enzootic and epizootic)
- Historically from ships
• Today mainly from rural wild animals (Sylvatic plague)
125
Yersinia pestis
| Epidemiology: • Reservoir • Transmission
R: Tolerant rodents
Tr: • Fleas • Multiplication in proventriculus • Airborne • oral
126
Yersinia pestis
Infections in cats (including wild cats)
Symptoms
After ingestion of infected pray
Symptoms
• Fever, depression, sneezing, coughing, CNS disturbances
• Lymphadenitis, tonsillitis, cranial and cervical edema, pneumonia • Mortality
127
Yersinia pestis
| Diagnosis / Treatment
```
Diagnosis
• Culture
• PCR
• Serology
Treatment:
• Antibiotics
• Rarely acquired resistances
```
128
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
| General
```
• Closely related to Y. pestis
• Obligate symbiotic
• Pathogenic significance:
- Rodents, Birds, Zoonotic
• Facultative intracellular
```
129
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
| Virulence factors
* Cell wall: endotoxin
* Adhesins; Adhesion on basolateral ileal epithelial cells and M cells
* Toxins (on plasmids)
* Iron Uptake (on Pathogenicity Islands)
130
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
| Pathogenesis
,
