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BacT Exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Coliform bacteria characteristics

A
  • Lactose positive
  • E. Coli
  • Klebsiella
  • Enterobacter
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2
Q

E. Coli general characteristics

A

Lactose positive, oxidase negative, motile rods

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3
Q

Definition of a serotype

A

Complete antigenic formula of an organism

Includes O-antigen, finbriae, flagella, capsule, ect

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4
Q

Cell associated virulence factors

A

Endotoxins, capsule, fimbrial adhesions, non-fimbrial adhesions,

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5
Q

E. coli extracellular virulence factors

A

Enterotoxin, cytotoxin, siderophores

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6
Q

E. coli -> PIGS (enterotoxic) age group and symptoms

A

Neonate - weanling ages
Watery diarrhea, dehydration, but will still drink, older animals will have white-grey diarrhea (not so watery), very smelly feces

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7
Q

E. coli -> PIGS (enterotoxic)

Adhesion factors list:

A

F4 , F5, F6, F18, F41, non-fimbrial adhesions

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8
Q

E. coli -> PIGS (enterotoxic)

Adhesion factor F4 Aka (K88)

A

Mannose resistant, pigs only, genes expressed at body temperature

On plasmids

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9
Q

E. coli -> PIGS (enterotoxic)

Adhesion factor F5 Aka (K99)

A

Pigs and bovine, mannose resistant, temperature dependent,

only causes neonatal diarrhea

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10
Q

E. coli -> PIGS (enterotoxic)

Adhesion factor F6 Aka (987P)

A

Mainly extrachromosomal, neonatal

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11
Q

E. coli -> PIGS (enterotoxic)

Adhesion factor F41

A

Chromosomal, mannose resistant, pigs and bovine, frequently with F5, RARE

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12
Q

E. coli -> PIGS (enterotoxic)

Non-fimbrial adhesions

A

Adhesions involved in diffuse adherence

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13
Q

E. coli -> PIGS Enterotoxin

LT -> heat labile

A

High molecular weight, strong antigen, activates adenylate cyclase, decrease Na absorption, increase CL and HCO3 secretion

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14
Q

E. coli -> PIGS Enterotoxic

Heat stabile list

A

STa, STb, EAST1

Common traits

  • low molecular weight
  • little antigenic
  • withstand 15 minutes 121degrees Centigrade
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15
Q

E. coli -> PIGS Enterotoxic

Heat stable STa

A

Activation of guanylate cyclase system, decrease Na+ absorption, increase secretion of HCO3 and CL

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16
Q

E. coli -> PIGS Enterotoxic

Heat stable STb

A

Increase prostaglandin E2 –> secretion of water and electrolytes
Stimulation of 5-hydrotryptamine secretion

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17
Q

E. coli -> PIGS Enterotoxic

Heat stable EAST1 (Enteroaggregtive E. coli Heat Stable Toxin)

A

Closely related to STa

Also in EPEC, AEEC, VTEC

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18
Q

E. coli diseases in pigs: Enterotoxigenic (ETEC)

A

Characteristics mostly are age dependant
Neonates: F5, F6, F41, STa, STb & non-hemolytic
Neonate- 4 weeks: F4, LT, STa, STb, EAST1, hemolytic
Weanling diarrhea: F4, F18, STB, EAST1, hemolytic

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19
Q

E. coli in pigs epidemiology

General

A

E.coli can be found in the GI of healthy sows, there has to be an equilibrium between maternal immunity and infection pressure, if this equilibrium breaks there will be disease

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20
Q

E. coli in pigs epidemiology

How to increase infection pressure

A

Low hygiene
Presence of ETEC diseased piglets
Lowering maternal immunity
Appearance of a new type

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21
Q

E. coli in pigs epidemiology

Problems that effect pig immunity

A

Sow : MMA or her first delivery
Piglets: low birth weights, other infections

If a pig has too many piglets

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22
Q

E. coli in pigs PATHOGENESIS

A

Ascend from lower bowel
Oral uptake
Small intestine
Colonization

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23
Q

E. coli in pigs: ETEC

Diagnosis

A

Detection of virulence factors, agglutination tests, PCR

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24
Q

E. coli in pigs: ETEC

Treatment

A

Hydration (SQ, IP) or PO with electrolyte + glucose + AA

Antimicrobials (based on a susceptibility profile)

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25
Q

E. coli in pigs: ETEC

Prevention

A
  • Keep infection pressure low and maternal immunity high
  • Hygiene: prevent spread
  • Vaccination: sows, inactive (different serotypes), purified adhesion factors and LT, vaccinate sows 2-6 wks b4 partus
  • Selection for receptor free piglets (F4)
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26
Q

E. coli in pigs: VTEC -> verotoxigenic

A

Oedema disease - post weaning

Mixed ETEC/VTEC - Odema and diarrhea

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27
Q

E. coli in pigs: VTEC

Virulence factors

A

Adhesion small bowel: F18
Specific receptor (if absent = resistant)
Exotoxin- VT2e or Stx2e: media necrosis

Endotoxin: acute mortality

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28
Q

E. coli in pigs: VTEC

Epidemiology

A

Sow to piglet
Weaning-> stress, GI flora changes, maternal immunity
Excretion -> increased infection pressure -> contamination of others

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29
Q 
E. coli in pigs: VTEC
       Toxin production (speeds)

Endotoxin

A

Leads to media necrosis
Hyper acute: enterorrhagia
Acute: permeability of blood vessels oedema (CNS and dyspena)
Slower: intravascular coagulation (CNS)

ENDOTOXIN: shock and acute mortality

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30
Q

E. coli in pigs: VTEC

Symptoms

A
  • Less than 3 weeks after weaning
  • Multiple piglets effected
  • Clinical: acute mortality (some), diarrhea(some), anorexia,
    oedema -> hoarse voice, CNS symptoms, dyspnoea, swollen eyelids
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31
Q

E. coli in pigs: VTEC

Diagnosis

A

Clinical signs
Pathological findings
Bacteriology
Conformation: demonstration of virulence factors (PCR)

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32
Q

E. coli in pigs: VTEC

Treatment

A
  • Sick animals: fasting, antimicrobials (susceptibility testing due to resistance)
  • Healthy animals: antimicrobial therapy
    - incubation time of toxin 2-3 days (symptoms after treatment possible)
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33
Q

E. coli in pigs: VTEC

Prevention

A
  • Reduce stress
  • Feed composition
  • Adapt GI flora: probiotics, organic acids, zinc oxide (2400ppm kills, put in feed for 14 days after weaning), vaccination
  • Selective of receptor (F18) negative animals
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34
Q

E. coli in pigs: EPEC –> Enteropathigenic

A

More rare, little known about its general role
Diarrhea
Attaching and effacing
T3SS (needle) and injection of effector proteins
Diagnosis
- isolation + PCR (eae (intimin) gene)

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35
Q

E. coli diseases in pigs: UTI

A
  • Most important pathogen in UTI in pigs (& other mammals)
  • E. coli infection originated most likely from intestine
  • Virulence factors in pigs? (Research)
  • Predisposition factors: hygiene, water intake, obstipation, age, individual difference
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36
Q

E. coli diseases in pigs: UTI

Symptoms

A

Anorexia
Hematuria
Vaginal exudate
General malaise (sometimes)

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37
Q

E. coli diseases in pigs: UTI

Diagnosis

A

Bacteriology (semi quantitative from 10^3 - 10^5 on)

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38
Q

E. coli diseases in pigs: UTI

Treatment

A

Culling (due to fertility problems)

Antibiotics approximately 3 weeks

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39
Q

E. coli diseases in pigs: MMA & PPDS

A
  • Metritis-mastitis-aglacitiae
  • Post Partum Dysgalactiae Syndrome
  • Etiology: hereditary, hormonal, feed, infections agents E. coli, (Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp.
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40
Q

E. coli diseases in pigs: Septicemia

A

Secondary to enteric infection

Rarely primary

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41
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines

A

ETEC: less than 3 days of age

EPEC/EHEC: animals older than one week

Septicemic: neonates, lack of colostrum

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42
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines: ETEC

Symptoms

A

Watery diarrhea –> dehydration

Animals less than 3 days old (neonates)

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43
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines: ETEC

Virulence factors

A
  • Fimbriae: F5(most common), F41, F17(role unclear), CS31A(related to F4 frequently diarrhea in older animals)
  • Toxins: STa, STb
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44
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines: ETEC

Pathigenesis

A

Oral uptake
Multiplication
Enterotoxin production
- (secondary septicemia)

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45
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines: ETEC

Effects on Pathogenesis

A

Equilibrium between immunity and infection pressure

Colostrum- too little, too late, too low in antibodies

Infection- to early, or to high infection pressure

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46
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines: ETEC

Diagnosis

A

ELISA

Culture + virulence factors (agglutination or PCR)

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47
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines: ETEC

Treatment

A

Sick:

  • Separate,
  • Hydration,
  • Antibiotics (high resistance, diarrhea + fever: parenteral therapy, no fever: colistin PO)
  • NSAID (shock)
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48
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines: ETEC

Prevention

A

Dairy farms

  • Hygiene : separate calves from mothers
  • Colostrum: of multi-partus animals
  • Antibiotics p.o. (4-5d, colistin)
  • Vaccination of dams
  • Antibodies PO
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49
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines: EHEC and EPEC

A 
EPEC: eae
EHEC: eae + VT (VT1 and/or VT2) ***Zoonosis**** 
         Specific stereotypes 
Age 1-8wks
Mucoid diarrhea +/- blood
Mainly large intestine 
Therapy: antibiotics
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50
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines: Mastitis

A 
No known virulence factors 
DD: Gram +/- -- infection 
       -> G- has fever
       -> loss of quarter 
Prevention: hygiene
Treatment: systemic antibiotics
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51
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines: Septicemiae

Virulence factors

A
  • ExPEC
  • Facultative pathogenic (freq in GI tract)
  • Virulence factors: serum resistance, iron uptake systems, endotoxin, capsule, adhesion factors (P, F17, AfaE-Vlll, CS31A), CNF1, CNF2 toxins
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52
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines: Septicemiae

Pathogenesis

A

Per os
Umbilical chord
Colostrum

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53
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines: Septicemiae

Symptoms

A
  • Hyper acute: acute mortality and shock
  • Acute: General symptoms, Fast mortality
  • Slower: organ localization, poly arthritis, pneumonia, pleuritis, menigo-encephalitis
54
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines: Septicemiae

Diagnosis

A
  • Clinical: age, symptoms, colostrum, low gamma globulins in serum
  • Isolation and PCR virulence genes
55
Q

E. coli diseases in Bovines: Septicemiae

Treatment / prevention

A

NSAID (shock)
Antibiotics (susceptibility testing)
Gamma globulins: plasma from older animals

Prevention: colostrum

56
Q

E. coli diseases in Cats and dogs: Enteric

A

Dog: frequently with other pathogens
ETEC, EPEC, VTEC, EIEC:seen in clinically healthy and diarrheic
Pups: CNF1 E. coli: association w/ diarrhea and septicemia

Cats (???) not so common

57
Q

E. coli diseases in cats and dogs: cystitis and pyometra

A

Cystitis
Dogs: fimbriae: type 1, F12, F13(associated with human UTI)
Specific stereotypes (O2, O4, O6, O83)
50% a-hemolytic
Same strains seen in pyometra
Cat: seldom (high osmolarity of urine is antibacterial)

58
Q

E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds

A

Most important disease in broilers and layers

Facultative pathogen
Normal E. coli flora has ~10% pathogenic serotypes

59
Q

E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds

Stereotypes / virulence factors

A

Serotypes: O1, O2, O78

Virulence factors: not fully understood

60
Q

E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds

Clinical appearance

A

Neonatal: coliobacillsis
Respiratory: colibacillosis and septicemia
Peritonitis (layers)
Coli granuloma (old backyard chickens)
Otitis media (part of swollen head syndrome)
Chronic respiratory colibacillosis and arthritis

61
Q

E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds

Pathogenesis

A 
Contamination of eggshell
Neonatal contamination 
Manipulation of chicks 
All lead to yolk rest infection. 
Excretion in feces -> can be inhaled
62
Q

E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds

Pathogenesis in layers

A

Peritonitis
Endrogenic infection
Start of lay
Chronic form in older birds

63
Q

E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds

Diagnosis

A

Pathological lesions

Isolation E. coli from different internal organs (liver, spleen, lungs)

64
Q

E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds

Treatment / prevention

A

Treatment: Very difficult, Antibiotics: susceptibility testing needed

Prevention: hygiene, stress, temperature, vaccine (Zoetis, Poulvac) for breeding stock immunization

65
Q

E. coli diseases in poultry and other birds

Broilers

A 
Scabby hip/ Necrotic dermatitis 
E. coli O78, O2 
Frequently also other bacteria 
Difficult to diagnose (feathers) 
Found at slaughter 
Prevention: lower the density
66
Q

E. coli diseases in rabbits: RPEC

A
  • Can also be EPEC (eae positive)
  • Diagnosis: clinical symptoms, isolation and sub-typing (needed)
  • Treatment: antibiotics
67
Q

Salmonella General Characteristics

A
  • Obligate symbiont
  • Virulence: host specific serotypes (typhoid)
    Host adapted/ restricted serotypes
    Also, non-host specific serotypes
  • Quite resistant in environment: protected by organic material & in dry place
68
Q

Salmonella General Characteristics

Zoonotic aspects

A

Zoonotic - non host specific, some host adapted/restricted

Non-zoonotic - host specific, some host adapted/restricted

Antimicrobial resistance and the zoonotic aspect are a matter of concern

69
Q

Salmonella

Pathogenesis

A

Facultative intracellular
Differences in Pathogenesis between:
- host adapted (typhoid) + host restricted
- non host adapted

70
Q

Salmonella

Pathogenesis

A

Per os

Inhalation

71
Q

Salmonella and Bovines

Symptoms: S. Typhimurium

A

Different serotypes possible but mainly: S. Typhimurium, S. Dublin

S. Typhimurium- diarrhea (ileum and lg. intestine) + general symptoms
Tissue localization: abortion and udder

72
Q

Salmonella and Bovines

Symptoms: S. Dublin

A
  • Calves: diarrhea, general symptoms, tissue localization: lung, liver, spleen.
  • Adult: diarrhea, general symptoms, organ dependent symptoms: abortion and mastitis (persisting intracellular) -> carriers
73
Q

Salmonella and Bovines

Diagnosis

A

Live animals: fecal material, milk (sub clinical mastitis), respiratory: BAL, arthritis puncture, abortion (fetus, placenta, vagina)

Dear animals: ileum & other organs

74
Q

Salmonella and Bovines

Treatment

A

Isolation of sick animals
Fluid therapy
Antimicrobials
NSAID

75
Q

Salmonella and Pigs

Types

A

S. Choleraesuis: typhoid

Non host specific salmonella

76
Q

Salmonella and Pigs

Clinical symptoms in >50kg animals

A

Most common subclinical
Diarrhea and general symptoms
Slow spread
Hyper acute form (>70-80kg) acute mortality
Acute form is frequent with cyanosis
Chronic form is nonspecific with stunted growth

77
Q

Is Salmonella from Pigs zoonotic?

A

Yes

78
Q

Most common cause Salmonella and Pigs?

A

Mainly S. Typhimurium

Also S. Derby

79
Q

Salmonella and Pigs

Diagnosis

A

Bacterial culture
ELISA (antigen)
ELISA (antibodies) difficult to intemperate used for control programs

80
Q

Salmonella and Pigs

Treatment

A

Antimicrobials

Eventually general support (NSAID)

81
Q

Salmonella and Pigs

Prevention

A 
Manage AI and AO (clean and disinfect) 
Organic acids in drinking water or feed
  - short chain fatty acids 
  - medium/long chain fatty acids are more antimicrobial 
Feed composition (want smaller pieces) 
vaccination
82
Q

Salmonella In horses

Types

A

Salmonella abortus-equi

*rare!
Pathogenesis depends on uptake (mares have symptoms)

83
Q

Salmonella in horses

Diagnosis and treatment

A

D: Bacteriology

T: Antimicrobials
- elimination from reproductive organs is difficult (intracellular)

84
Q

Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Pathogenesis

A

Short incubation time hours to 6 days

85
Q

Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Symptoms (mild)

A

Mild - general symptoms (fever, anorexia, depression)

    - slight diarrhea, diagnosis difficult (feces isolate unsuccessful) 
    - self limiting
86
Q

Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Symptoms (acute)

A

Fever, anorexia, mild colic, 24hr diarrhea, sever symptoms and cyanosis, shock (possible), laminitis, slow recovery (possible relapse) can lead to chronic

87
Q

Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Symptoms (chronic)

A

Intermittent diarrhea, intermittent anorexia,my eight loss, intermittent fever

88
Q

Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Symptoms (hyper acute)

A 
Foals, sever general symptoms, eventually diarrhea
Endotoxin shock (24-72hr) --> death
89
Q

Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Symptoms (tissue localization)

A

Foal
Bring it to clinic depending on organ affected
Frequent arthritis

90
Q

Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Diagnosis

A

Neutropenia

Culture

91
Q

Salmonella in Horses
Non host specific salmonella
Therapy / prevention

A 
Hydration IV 
Shock: NSAID (no cortico steroids -> laminitis) 
Antimicrobials 
Watch for carriers!! 
Prevention: hygiene
92
Q

Salmonella in cats and dogs

Type/symptoms

A

No host specific serovars

Enteritis and septicemia

93
Q

Salmonella in cats and dogs

How do they aquire?

A

Food!
Dogs are carriers 0-36%
Cats are carriers 0 - 20%

94
Q

Salmonella in cats and dogs

Diagnosis and treatment

A
  • Culture, ELISA, PCR

- Hydration & antibiotics (contraindication with animals in good condiment –> carriers!!

95
Q

Salmonella in pigeons: Paratyphus

Types

A

S. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen
Specific colonial lineage
PT 2 and 99
Non-zoonotic

96
Q

Salmonella in pigeons: Paratyphus

Disease

A

Acute paratyphus: mainly during breeding

Chronic: one wing hanging down (tissue localization), intermittent shedding

97
Q

Salmonella in pigeons: Paratyphus

Symptoms in a flock

A

Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, limping, unable to fly, breeding difficulties, apathetic, polyurea -polydipsia, mortality

98
Q

Salmonella in pigeons: Paratyphus

Diagnosis and treatment

A

D: bacterial culture, rapid slide agglutination

T: Antimicrobials (highly susceptible), immune therapy inactive vaccine (not prevention of infection but reduces severity), hygiene

99
Q

Enterobacteriaceae General characteristics… Go!

A
  • Gram neg
  • Facultative anaerobic
  • Rods or coccobacilli
  • Oxidase negative (mostly)
  • Present in H2O, soil and G.I.
100
Q

Salmonella in psittaciformes (parrots) and passeriformes (birds)
Types

A
  • Psittaciformes • Very rare

* Passerformes: S. Typhimurium (other clone than Columbiformes)

101
Q

Salmonella in psittaciformes and passeriformes

Pathogenesis

A

Salmonella in psittaciformes and passeriformes

102
Q

Salmonella in psittaciformes and passeriformes

Symptoms

A 
DD. rodentiosis (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) 
• Apathic, 
• Reduced feed and water intake
• Chronic
• Diarrhea (most of the time)
103
Q

Salmonella in Poultry

Types

A

• Typhoid/paratyphoid Salmonella
- S. Pullorum
- S. Gallinarum
• Non-typhoid Salmonella
- S. Enteriditis
• Other: Typhimurium, Virchow, Paratyphi B, Infantis, Agona, Newport(US)
—- Quite complex and variable epidemiology

104
Q

Typhoid Salmonella in poultry

S. Pullorum/Gallinarum

A

• Antigenically same (1, 9, 12:-: -), Antigenically similar to S. Enteriditis (1, 9, 12:g,m:-)
• Vaccination against SE gives false positives in serology
- PCR only differentiation
- REPORTABLE
- Elimination programs in place

105
Q

Typhoid Salmonella in poultry

Turkeys

A

S. enterica ssp. arizonae

106
Q

Typhoid Salmonella in poultry

S. Pullorum

A
  • Pullorum disease

* Chicken, turkey, pheasant • Younger animals (

107
Q

Typhoid Salmonella in poultry

S. Pullorum Symptoms

A

• Acute sepsis
• General symptoms
• Differences in virulence of the strains
• Typical granulomatous lesions stomach, liver and myocardium
• Adults: oophoritis with deformed yellow-greenish follicles
- Survivors become carriers! Both vert and horz. transmission

108
Q

Typhoid Salmonella in poultry

Diagnosis / Treatment

A

• Bacterial culture
• Serology: slide agglutination
— Care: cross reactivity with SE vaccination
— False positives due to Streptococci Lancefield D
T: Only for hobby poultry: antibiotics, but no elimination (intracellular) • Reportable

109
Q

Typoid Salmonella in poultry

Turkeys

A

Mainly in the USA, Different serotypes, Only younger animals (General symptoms with mortality up to 50%)

110
Q

Typoid Salmonella in poultry

Turkeys: Diagnosis/treatment/control

A
  • Diagnosis: culture
  • Treatment: Best eradication
  • Control by serology (slide agglutination): difficult, Different serotypes, False negatives
111
Q

Paratyphoid Salmonella in poultry

S. Enteriditis

A

Zoonotic (egg contamination) -> Consumption of undercooked, raw egg
• Used to be the most frequent serotype causing zoonotic infection
• Decreased enormously due to vaccination, Vaccination is imposed legally in Europe (not in the US), Eggs from positive laying flocks can only be used after heating

112
Q

Paratyphoid Salmonella in poultry

Other Serotypes

A
  • Geographical differences in prevalence of different serotypes
  • Differences in time (evolution)
  • Many are serotypes are zoonotic
  • EU: breeding animals must be free of Enteriditis, Typhimurium, Virchow, Hadar, Infantis, Paratyphi B var. Java
  • 30% broilers are positive
  • At slaughter, up to 80% positive (cross contamination)
  • In US, decontamination of carcasses with bleach (not allowed in EU)
113
Q

Paratyphoid Salmonella in poultry

Remediation in positive flocks (no elimination)

A
  • No vaccine
  • Pro-, prebiotics
  • Fatty acids
114
Q

Klebsiella

Types

A
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae

* Klebsiella oxytoca

115
Q

Klebsiella

General

A
  • In waters, soil, environment, GI tract
  • Coliform
  • Important in nosocomial infections and health care associated infections in humans (sepsis, UTI, respiratory) ( to a much lesser instance in animals)
  • Opportunistic pathogen
  • Non human primates
116
Q

Klebsiella

Equine metritis

A
  • Vaginitis, infertility, abortion

* Transmission: stallion, fomites, vaginal specula & biopsy equipment (vets!!)

117
Q

Klebsiella

Equine Umbilical infections

A
  • Mainly animals with too little colostrum consumed (rather susceptible to a lot of infections…)
  • Omphalitis, and further septicaemiae, arthritis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis
118
Q

Klebsiella Dogs (rare finding)

A
  • Pyometra

* Cystitis

119
Q

Klebsiella: bovine

A

Mastitis

120
Q

Klebsiella infections in animals

Treatment

A
  • Natural resistance to amoxy/ampi (chromosomal β-lactamase)
  • Susceptible to amoxy+clav
  • High level of acquired resistance • Difficult to treat
121
Q

Yersinia

Types

A 
• Y. pestis
• Y. pseudotuberculosis 
• Y. enterocolitica
• Y. ruckeri- Fish pathogen
      * Replicates at 40C
122
Q

Y. pestis

A

PLAGUE! Infects humans and cats

travels by fleas and wild rodents

123
Q

Yersinia pestis

Virulence factors

A
  • Capsule
  • Toxins (many different) • Iron acquisition
  • Many virulence genes are located on plasmids
124
Q

Yersinia pestis

Epidemiology

A
  • Endemic areas
    • Western North America, southern Asia, Southern and west Africa, north- central South America
    • Mainly in warm months: temperatures above 270C, Y. pestis does not produce a coagulase that blocks the fleas proventriculus (where Y. pestis XXX)
    • Parallels presence of rodent hosts (enzootic and epizootic)
  • Historically from ships
    • Today mainly from rural wild animals (Sylvatic plague)
125
Q

Yersinia pestis

Epidemiology: • Reservoir • Transmission

A

R: Tolerant rodents
Tr: • Fleas • Multiplication in proventriculus • Airborne • oral

126
Q

Yersinia pestis
Infections in cats (including wild cats)
Symptoms

A

After ingestion of infected pray
Symptoms
• Fever, depression, sneezing, coughing, CNS disturbances
• Lymphadenitis, tonsillitis, cranial and cervical edema, pneumonia • Mortality

127
Q

Yersinia pestis

Diagnosis / Treatment

A 
Diagnosis
• Culture
• PCR
• Serology
Treatment:
• Antibiotics
• Rarely acquired resistances
128
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

General

A 
• Closely related to Y. pestis
• Obligate symbiotic
• Pathogenic significance: 
- Rodents, Birds, Zoonotic
• Facultative intracellular
129
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Virulence factors

A
  • Cell wall: endotoxin
  • Adhesins; Adhesion on basolateral ileal epithelial cells and M cells
  • Toxins (on plasmids)
  • Iron Uptake (on Pathogenicity Islands)
130
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Pathogenesis

A

,

BacT Exam 2 (1 decks)

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