Exam 2

Question 1

Innatism

Answer 1

-humans born with innate capacity to acquire language
-“pre-wired for universal structures of human language (nouns, verbs, etc)
-ANY language
-brain sets parameters for language it’s taking in most
-explains rapidness and lack of instruction learn language
CPH (critical period hypothesis)
-critical age for learning language, after that, one cannot (2 mo.-puberty)
-Victor and Genie
PROBLEMS
-We cant SEE innatism working, only observe child lang.
-denies importance of caregiver (other than lang. input)

Question 2

Social Interactionism

Answer 2

-humans want/need language to communicate with other humans beings and they play an essential role
-learn via INTERACTIONS, pragmatics too
CHILD DIRECTED SPEECH
-short sentences
-here and now
-high pitch
-slow speed
-repetion
-lots of questions
-some baby words
PROBLEMS
-doesnt describe how they learn lang. so FAST

Question 3

Babbling

Answer 3

0-6 mo.

• Consonant sounds
  
  • Stops (p, k), Fricatives (f, v), Interdentals

Question 4

One-Word Stage (1-1.6)

Answer 4

“chair”, “go”
Expressive Children “bye bye” social words
Referential children nouns and verbs (content words)

Question 5

Underextension

Answer 5

child knows a word but doesn’t use it in all appropriate situations

-knows BEAR but only uses it to describe HIS teddy bear (not other bears)

Question 6

Overextension

Answer 6

• knows word, too wide a range

- Knows BEAR but uses it for ALL stuffed animals not just the teddy bear

Question 7

Two Word Stage (1.6-2)

Answer 7

EX: baby chair
mommy go
-Caregiver must fill in syntax to interpret

Question 8

Acquisition

Answer 8

happens naturally w/o conscious learning, learner “picks it up”
KRASHEN: Only what we ACQUIRE really sticks with us and is available for USE when we need it.

Question 9

Learning

Answer 9

conscious, intentional, formal

Question 10

Natural Order

Answer 10

Predictable order for acquisition of lang. structures

• based on complexity of structures NOT frequency
• order is the same no matter learner’s L1

Question 11

Monitor

Answer 11

-contains LEARNED lang. 
Only avail. when learner is...
-focused on correct form
-knows the rule 
-Has enough time to think about all of that

Question 12

Affective Filter

Answer 12

Affect is our emotional response situations

• Anxiety raises > raised filter > blocks out input hinders aquisition
• envir. fun and stress free

Question 13

Negative Transfer

Answer 13

L1 negatively affects L2

• words in first lang. dont help them acquire L2,
• not related
• hurts them

Question 14

Positive Transfer

Answer 14

L1 helps learn L2

-the languages are similar

Question 15

Interlanguage

Answer 15

-leaners form hypothesis based on how Thier L1 works
they test hyp., make errors by using the lang. in the world
and make changes
where the L1 helps and hurts them

Question 16

Instrumental Motivation

Answer 16

motivated to use lang. as “instrument” for some other goal

job abroad

Question 17

Assimilative Motivation

Answer 17

for permanent residence in the culture (wants to become a part of a CULTURE)

Question 18

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 18

comes from external source
Graduation requirement, easy grade
(intrinsic more powerful than extrinsic)

Question 19

Intrinsic

Answer 19

comes from learner them self, learning for sake of learner

Question 20

Ambiguity tolerance

Answer 20

degree to which you tolerate being confronted by totally new and unfamiliar information ,
with nothing to compare it to
accept or get past ambiguity???

Question 21

Empathy

Answer 21

put yourself in someone else’s shoes

awareness of self and others

Question 22

Global Learner

Answer 22

“feild dependent”
want to know the end goal FIRST, and want to know how that goal fits in with other, similar goals and tasks
-“big picture”

Question 23

Analytical Learner

Answer 23

“field independent”

• begin w/ step 1,
• proceed in linear fashion toward end goal
• less concerned with end goal while they work

Question 24

Behaviorism

Answer 24

-oldest theory
-language learned through: imitation, practice, & positive reinforcement
-child needs lots of modeling & lots of positive reinforcement
PROBLEMS:
-not all caregivers give pos. reinforcement, but all children learn in a uniform way (stages of acquisition)
-child. produce lang. that is NOT imitative of adults
-child. learn very complex languages VERY fast!