Exam 2

Question 1

basic anxiety

Answer 1

A pervasive feeling of loneliness and helplessness; the foundation of neurosis.

Question 2

Inferiority feelings

Answer 2

The normal condition of all people; the source of all human striving.

• are always present as a motivating force in behavior.
• Because its common to all of us, then, its not a sign of weakness of abnormality.

Question 3

Striving for superiority

Answer 3

the urge towards perfection or completion that motivates each of use.

• superiority is the ultimate goal toward which we strive.
• we strive for superiority in an effort to perfect ourselves, to make ourselves complete or whole.

Question 4

Style of life

Answer 4

a unique character structure or pattern of personal behaviors and characteristics by which each of us strive for perfection.

1. ) Dominant: dominant or ruling attitude with little social awareness.
2. ) Getting: the most common type. expects to receive satisfaction from other people and so becomes dependent on them.
3. ) Avoiding: makes no attempt to face life’s problems. by avoiding difficulties, the person avoids any possibility of failure.
4. ) Socially Useful: cooperates with others and acts in accordance with their needs.
   - cope with problems within a well-developed framework of social interest.

Question 5

Social Interest

Answer 5

Our innate potential to cooperate with other people to achieve personal and societal goals.

Question 6

Impact of each birth oder position

Answer 6

look at worksheet

Question 7

methods of assessment

Answer 7

Like Freud, Adler developed his theory by analyzing his patients by evaluating their verbalizations and behavior during therapy sessions.

• more relaxed and informal than Freud
• Freud’s patients would lay on couch while he sat behind them. Adler sat in comfortable chairs facing his patients.
• Adler liked to use humor
• Adler believe the way a person walked, sat, shook hands, even the choice of which chair to sit in, indicated something about our style of life.

Question 8

Research findings on Adler’s hypotheses about birth order.

Answer 8

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Question 9

Horney’s concept of the need for safety

Answer 9

A higher level need for security and freedom and fear.
- the major way parents weaken or prevent security
is by displaying a lack of warmth and affection for the child.
-obvious preference for a sibling, unfair punishment, erratic behavior, promises not kept, ridicule, humiliation, and isolation of the child from peers.

Question 10

self-protective mechanisms

Answer 10

Securing affection and love: “if you love me. you will not hurt me.”
-we may gain affection, such as trying to do whatever the other person wants, trying to bribe others, or threatening others into providing the desired affection.

Being submissive: complying with the wishes either of one particular person or of everyone in our social environment.
-they dare not criticize or give offense.

Attaining power: a person can compensate for helplessness and achieve security through success or through a sense of superiority.

Withdrawing: achieves independence with regard to internal or psychological needs by becoming aloof from others, no longer seeking them out to satisfy emotional needs.

GOAL: to defend against basic anxiety

Question 11

neurotic trends

Answer 11

Three categories of behaviors and attitudes towards oneself and others that express a person’s needs; Horney’s revision of the concept of neurotic needs.

• movements towards other people (compliant)
• movement against other people (aggressive)
• movement away from other people (detached)

Question 12

Compliant personality

Answer 12

behaviors and attitudes associated with the neurotic trend of moving toward people, such as a need for affection and approval.
-an intense and continuous need for affection and approval, an urge to be loved, wanted, and protected.

Question 13

Aggressive personality

Answer 13

behaviors and attitudes associated with the neurotic trent of moving against people, such as a domineering and controlling manner.
- in their world, everyone is hostile; only the fittest and most cunning survive.

Question 14

Detached personality

Answer 14

behaviors and attitudes associated with the neurotic trend of moving away from people, such as an intense need for privacy.
-driven to move away from other people and to maintain an emotional distance

Question 15

idealized self-image

Answer 15

For normal people, the self-image is an idealized picture of oneself built on flexible, realistic assessment of one’s abilities, potentials, weakness, goals, and relations with other people. For neurotics, the self image is based on an inflexible, unrealistic self-appraisal.

Question 16

tyranny of the shoulds

Answer 16

To attempt to realize this unattainable ideal self-image by denying the true self and behaving in terms of what we think we should be doing.

Question 17

Horney’s ideas on gender

Answer 17

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Question 18

womb envy

Answer 18

The envy a male feels toward a female because she can bear children and he cannot. Womb envy was Horney’s response to Freud’s concept of penis envy in females.

Question 19

Oedipus Complex

Answer 19

she disagreed with Freud about the nature of the Oedipus complex.
- she did not deny the existence of conflicts between children and parents, nit she did not believe they had a sexual origin.

-explanation for Oedipal feelings lies in neurotic conflicts that evolve from parent-child interactions. These feelings are not based on sex or other biological forces, nor are they universal. They develop only when parents act to undermine their child’s security.

Question 20

psychosocial stages

Answer 20

eight successive stages encompassing the life span. At each stage, we must cope with a crisis in either an adaptive or a maladaptive way.

• first four stages are similar to Freud’s oral, anal, phallic and latency stages.
• Erikson emphasized on psychosocial correlates

Question 21

eight stages in Erikson’s theory

Answer 21

1.) Oral-sensory
birth-1
Trust vs. mistrust
Hope

2.) Muscular- anal
1-3
Autonomy vs.doubt, shame
Will

3.) Locomotor-genital
3-5
Initiative vs. guilt
Purpose

4.) Latency
6-11
Industriousness vs. inferiority
Competence

5.) Adolescence
12-18
Identity cohesion vs. role confusion
Fidelity

6.) Young Adulthood
18-35
Intimacy vs. isolation
Love

7.) Adulthood
35-55
Generativity vs. stagnation
Care

8.) Maturity- old age
55 + years
Ego integrity vs. despair
Wisdom

Question 22

adolescent identity statuses described by James Marcia

Answer 22

1. ) achievement- adolescents who are committed to occupational and ideological choices.
   - more stables, concerned with realistic goals, and able to cope with changing environmental demands.
2. ) moratorium- people who are still undergoing their identity crisis. Their occupational and ideological commitments are vague.
   - they hold ambivalent views toward authority figures, alternately rebelling and needing guidance from them
   - behavior ranges from indecisive to active and creative. also tend to daydream, to believe in supernatural phenomena, and to enjoy behaving childishly.
3. ) Foreclosure- adolescents who have not experienced an identity crisis but who are firmly committed to an occupation and an ideology. However, these commitments often have been determined for them by their parents and do not result from the adolescents’ deliberate choice.
   - tend to be rigid and authoritarian and have difficulty coping with change.
4. ) identity diffusion- people who have no occupational or ideological commitments in adolescence and who may not have experienced an identity crisis.
   - their chosen lifestyle may actively reject commitments and in the extreme may result in aimless drifting.
   - these adolescents have distant relationships with their parents, whom they see as indifferent and rejecting.
5. ) alienated achievement- adolescents who have experienced an identity crisis, have no occupational goal, and cling to beliefs that are critical of the social and economic system.
   - their commitment to this rationale precludes any career that would entangle them in the very system they oppose.
   - tend to be cerebral, philosophical, and cynical students.

Question 23

high levels of generativity

Answer 23

• people high in generativity scored higher on extraversion, conscientiousness, altruism, competence, dutifulness, and openness to new experiences than people low in generativity.
• more likely to be involved in satisfying social relationships, feel attached to their community, and be more emotionally stable.
• more likely to have successful marriages, greater success at work, and more close friendships.
• also high on extraversion, agreeableness, openness to new experiences, and conscientiousness.

Question 24

Maslows criticism of Psychoanalysis

Answer 24

Psychoanalysts focus on the inherently bad characteristics associated with humans, while Maslow says that there are inherently good characteristics that we should be focusing on instead.

Question 25

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 25

There are five innate needs that activate and direct human behavior. They are physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-actualization.

• A deficit need are the lower needs on the hierarchy and are needed for basic survival. Failure to satisfy these needs produces a deficit in the body.
• A growth need contributes to survival and growth. Satisfaction of these needs leads to improved health and longevity
• A need does not need to be satisfied fully before next need in the hierarchy becomes important.

Question 26

5 Categories of needs

Answer 26

1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.
3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, affection and love, - from work group, family, friends, romantic relationships.
4. Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others.
5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.

Question 27

Cognitive needs

Answer 27

A second set of innate needs proposed by Maslow. These are the innate needs to know and to understand, and exist outside of the hierarchy of needs.

Question 28

Characteristics of self actualizers

Answer 28

Metamotivism is the type of motivation that Maslow describes self-actualizers to have. This involves maximizing personal potential rather than striving for a particular goal or object. The following are characteristics of self actualizers:

1. They perceive reality efficiently and can tolerate uncertainty;
2. Accept themselves and others for what they are;
3. Spontaneous in thought and action;
4. Problem-centered (not self-centered);
5. Unusual sense of humor;
6. Able to look at life objectively;
7. Highly creative;
8. Resistant to enculturation, but not purposely unconventional
9. Concerned for the welfare of humanity;
10. Capable of deep appreciation of basic life-experience;
11. Establish deep satisfying interpersonal relationships with a few people;
12. Peak experiences;
13. Need for privacy;
14. Democratic attitudes;
15. Strong moral/ethical standards.

Question 29

Criticisms of Maslow

Answer 29

His theories lacked experimental data to back them up. His information was to inconsistent and vague to generalize to the whole population. He hand selected his participants and could not give a clear and concise description of what a self actualizer was until after he had examined the people that he had pick for the study.