Exam 2

Question 1

Census

Answer 1

every person in population

Question 2

Confidence interval

Answer 2

Range in which a population value is likely to fall

Question 3

Focus group

Answer 3

Unstructured group interview

Question 4

Frequency curve

Answer 4

Frequencies with line instead of bar

Question 5

Grouped frequency distribution

Answer 5

Combined adjacent values into categories to measure frequencies of those categories

Question 6

Histogram

Answer 6

bars touching each other and indicates that the variable is quantitative

Question 7

Margin of error

Answer 7

Indicating true value of population will fall between the listed values

Question 8

Mean deviation

Answer 8

Score on variable minus mean of variable

Question 9

Oversampling

Answer 9

Larger proportion of strata than actually represented in the population

Question 10

Sampling bias

Answer 10

When one of the two are not met: entire population could be sampled from, all selected individuals are actually sampled

Question 11

Standard deviation

Answer 11

Square root of variance

Question 12

Stem and leaf plot

Answer 12

Graphically summarizes raw data and can see the data values

Question 13

Systematic random sampling

Answer 13

Take every X person on the list

Question 14

Variance

Answer 14

Sum of squares divided by sample size (N)

Question 15

Beta

Answer 15

Probability of a scientist making a type 2 error

Question 16

Binomial distribution

Answer 16

Sampling distribution for events that have two equally likely possibilities

Question 17

Effect size

Answer 17

Indicates the magnitude of the relationship that is not influenced by sample size

Question 18

Power

Answer 18

The probability the researcher will accurately reject the null hypothesis (1-beta)

Question 19

P (probability) value

Answer 19

likelihood of an observed statistic occurring on the basis of the sampling distribution

Question 20

Proportion of explained variabililiy

Answer 20

Proportion of dependent variable that is “explained by” the independent variable

Question 21

Type 1 Error

Answer 21

False negative

Question 22

Type 2 Error

Answer 22

False positive

Question 23

Beta weights

Answer 23

Same as regression coefficient

Question 24

Chi square statistic

Answer 24

Relationship between two nominal variables

Question 25

Common-causal variable

Answer 25

Variables that is not part of research hypothesis but causes both predictor and outcome variable

Question 26

Contingency table

Answer 26

Number of individuals in each of the combinations of the two nominal variables

Question 27

Cross-sectional research design

Answer 27

Research designs that measure people from different age groups at the same time

Question 28

Extraneous variables

Answer 28

Variables other than predictor variable that cause outcome variable, but do not cause predictor variable

Question 29

Independent relationship

Answer 29

Distribution of points is random

Question 30

Mediating variable (mediator)

Answer 30

Variable caused by predictor variable that in turn causes outcome variable

Question 31

Multiple correlation coefficient (R)

Answer 31

Ability of all predictor variables together to predict outcome variable (statistical significance tested with F)

Question 32

Multiple regression

Answer 32

Pearson correlation coefficients both between each of the predictor variables and the outcome variable

Question 33

Reciprocal causation

Answer 33

The two variables case each other

Question 34

Regression coefficients

Answer 34

Relationship between each of the predictor variables and outcome variable

Question 35

Restriction of range

Answer 35

Most participants have similar scores on one of the variables being correlated so the study does not cover the full range of variables

Question 36

Spurious relationship

Answer 36

Predictor and outcome variables both caused by same variable

Question 37

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Answer 37

Compare the mean of a dependent variable across levels of an experimental research design (nominal independent)

Question 38

Degrees of freedom

Answer 38

between groups design = # levels of IV -1 within groups design = # participants - # of conditions

Question 39

F

Answer 39

between groups variance/within-groups variance

Question 40

t-test

Answer 40

Used to compare two group means using either a between participants design (independent samples t-test) or repeated measures design (paired-samples t-test)

Question 41

Advantage of within-groups design

Answer 41

Grater statistical power

Question 42

Artifacts

Answer 42

Aspects of the research methodology that may go unnoticed and may inadvertently produce confounding variables

Question 43

Demand characteristics

Answer 43

Aspects of research that allow participants to guess hypothesis

Question 44

Internal analysis

Answer 44

Computing a correlation of scores on the manipulation check measure with the scores on the dependent variable as an alternative test of research hypothesis

Question 45

Matched-group research design

Answer 45

Participants dependent variable initially measured, assigned to conditions and then measured again