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spinal anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What nerve indents the articular pillar of typical cervical vertebrae?

A

The medial branch of the dorsal ramus of the cervical spinal nerve.

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2
Q

What is the classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets?

A

40 to 45 degrees from the coronal plane

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3
Q

Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?

A

55 to 60 degrees

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4
Q

What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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5
Q

What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?

A

forward, lateral, downward(FoLD)

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6
Q

What muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?

A

the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis and rotators

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7
Q

What muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?

A

the semispinalis capitis, multifidis, and rotator longus

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8
Q

What is the joint classification for the typical cervical zygapophysis?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

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9
Q

What will influence spinal kinematics?

A

geometry of articular facets, mechanical properties of connective tissue, mechanical properties of muscle

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10
Q

The greatest range of flexion-extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?

A

Typically c5/c6

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11
Q

*What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?

A

lateral bending and axial rotation

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12
Q

*Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?

A

the C5/C6 vertebral couple

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13
Q

What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?

A

they are bifid

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14
Q

What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?

A

they are non-bifid

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15
Q

What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?

A

the spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, cemispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis

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16
Q

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

A

atlas

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17
Q

What features are lacking at C1?

A

Vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and the intervertebral disc

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18
Q

What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?

A

longus colli

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19
Q

What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?

A

the anterior longitudinal , anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments

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20
Q

What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?

A

the fovea dentis

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21
Q

What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces

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22
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

Backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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23
Q

What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?

A

Asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened

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24
Q

*What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?

A

backward, medial, downward (BMD)

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25
Q

What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?

A

levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior

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26
Q

What is thought to represent the pedicle at C1?

A

the anterior arch

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27
Q

*What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?

A

tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament

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28
Q

*What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?

A

males: about fifty millimeters; females: about thirty-seven millimeters

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29
Q

*What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?

A

rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae

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30
Q

What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?

A

the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

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31
Q

Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?

A

accessory bone

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32
Q

What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?

A

about age 7 years old

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33
Q

*What may be formed by ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?

A

a partial ponticulus posticus or complete ponticulus posticus

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34
Q

What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?

A

Kimmerle’s anomaly

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35
Q

*What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

A

arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal

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36
Q

Ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?

A

all ethnic populations studied thus far

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37
Q

What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?

A

1%-41%

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38
Q

What is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?

A

female

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39
Q

What is the location of the zygapophysis relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina?

A

it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases

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40
Q

What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?

A

costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

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41
Q

What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?

A

anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar

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42
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?

A

rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles

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43
Q

What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?

A

rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior

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44
Q

What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?

A

myodural bridges

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45
Q

What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?

A

the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas

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46
Q

What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed

A

the retrotransvere foramen

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47
Q

What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?

A

the vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck

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48
Q

Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?

A

lateral bridges

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49
Q

What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?

A

vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers

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50
Q

What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?

A

males: 78 millimeters
females: 72 millimeters

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51
Q

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to he skin for each gender?

A

a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females

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52
Q

What joint classifications are observed at C1?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot ( diarthrosis trochoid) joint and synovial plane ( diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

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53
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?

A

five: two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets and the fovea dentis

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54
Q

*What names are given to C2?

A

axis or epistropheus

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55
Q

*What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?

A

the dens or odontoid process

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56
Q

*How many joint surfaces are present on the dens of C2?

A

five

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57
Q

*What joint surfaces are present on the dens of C2?

A

facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament

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58
Q

What joint classifications are represented at the odontoid process of C2?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis), syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint

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59
Q

*What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies ABOVE the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?

A

lordotic dens

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60
Q

*What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies BELOW the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?

A

kyphotic dens

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61
Q

What joint surfaces are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

A

anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves,,,,, and cancellous bone

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62
Q

How many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

A

5

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63
Q

What joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

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64
Q

*What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?

A

membrana tectoria

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65
Q

*What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

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66
Q

What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?

A

the superior articular process

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67
Q

What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?

A

on the lamina-pedicle junction

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68
Q

*What attaches to the lamina of C2?

A

obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum

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69
Q

What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?

A

they are asymmetrical and slightly convex

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70
Q

*What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?

A

backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

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71
Q

*What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?

A

forward, lateral, and down (FoLD)

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72
Q

*What is the classification of the zygapophyseal joints of C2?

A

synovial plane ( diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

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73
Q

What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?

A

costal element, posterior tubercle and true transverse process

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74
Q

What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?

A

males: fifty-seven millimeters and females:about fifty millimeters

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75
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?

A

levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissumus cervicis and intertransversarii

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76
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?

A

rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, mulitifidis, rotators and interspinalis muscles

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77
Q

What names may be given to C7?

A

vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence

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78
Q

What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?

A

vertebral prominence

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79
Q

What name is given only to C7?

A

vertebra prominens

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80
Q

In what percent of men and of women does C7 become the vertebral prominence?

A

men:eighty-six percent, Women: seventy-nine percent

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81
Q

What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?

A

C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males

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82
Q

How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?

A

eight

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83
Q

What muscle(s) attaches to the vertebral body of C7?

A

longus colli muscle

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84
Q

What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?

A

costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

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85
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?

A

middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis

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86
Q

what is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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87
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?

A

forward, medial, downward (ForMed)

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88
Q

What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?

A

longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis and multifidis

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89
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?

A

Trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis

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90
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?

A

Trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis

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91
Q

What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?

A

ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligaments

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92
Q

The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?

A

left vertebral artery

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93
Q

What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?

A

men have larger vertebral arteries than women

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94
Q

What was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?

A

the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test

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95
Q

Which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?

A

the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation

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96
Q

What are they symptoms of failure of the vertebral artery to compensate during the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?

A

dizziness, vertigo, nausea are common complaints

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97
Q

The vertebral artery is typically a branch of which artery?

A

subclavian artery

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98
Q

At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?

A

the atlanto-axial interspace

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99
Q

At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?

A

the atlanto-occipital interspace

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100
Q

At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?

A

the atlanto-occipital interspace

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101
Q

At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?

A

both C1 and C2

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102
Q

What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?

A

the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations

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103
Q

What artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?

A

the basilar artery

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104
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

A

inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament

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105
Q

What forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

A

the posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2 and posterior atlanto-axial ligament

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106
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

A

the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove

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107
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

A

the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove

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108
Q

What are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?

A

C1 is backward, upward, medial (BUM), C2 is backward, upward, lateral (BUL) C3-C7 is backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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109
Q

What are the inferior articular facet orientations for cervical vertebrae?

A

C1 is backward, downward, medial (BMD), C2-C6 is forward, downward, lateral (FoLD), C7 is forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)

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110
Q

How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?

A

C1=five, C2=eight, C3-C6=eight, C7=six

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111
Q

How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?

A

C1=none, C2= ten, C3-C6=ten, C7=eight

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112
Q

What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?

A

the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process

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113
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral body of a typical thoracic superior view?

A

triangular

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114
Q

On the cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the T5-T8 group?

A

the left side of the vertebral body will be flattened, the right side convex

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115
Q

What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?

A

the aortic impression

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116
Q

What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?

A

the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims

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117
Q

What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?

A

the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims

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118
Q

What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?

A

the posterior height is greater that the anterior height by one to two millimeters

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119
Q

What is the height pattern of intervertebral discs in the typical thoracic region?

A

the intervertebral discs are rather planar or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior heights

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120
Q

What is the principle cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?

A

the vertebral body height differences

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121
Q

What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?

A

a kyphotic curve

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122
Q

What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

fibrous(amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) sympysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

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123
Q

What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

fibrous(amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) sympysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

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124
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

four

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125
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

two

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126
Q

How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

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127
Q

How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

typically ten( fourteen if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

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128
Q

What is the name given to the joint formed at the vertebral body and rib?

A

costocentral joint

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129
Q

How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

four

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130
Q

Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?

A

the superior costal demi-facet

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131
Q

What feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracics?

A

the constocentral joint or ribs

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132
Q

What ligaments support the costocentral joint?

A

the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament

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133
Q

What ligaments support the costocentral joint?

A

the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament

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134
Q

What does the costocentral intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?

A

the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the intervertebral disc

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135
Q

What is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?

A

the rib surface is greater that the costal demi-facet surface

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136
Q

Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3?

A

the longus colli

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137
Q

What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the typical thoracic vertebral body?

A

the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally

138
Q

What is the angulation of the pedicle in the typical thoracic region?

A

ten to fifteen degrees posterolateral from the sagittal plane

139
Q

Which X-Ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?

A

the lateral view

140
Q

What is overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region?

A

shingling

141
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral foramen in the typical thoracic region?

A

oval to circular

142
Q

In which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?

A

the transverse plane, the vertebral transverse diameter

143
Q

What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?

A

the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib

144
Q

What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?

A

the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments

145
Q

Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?

A

the longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis

146
Q

How can you distinguish between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articular process?

A

at T2-T4 the width between the superior articular processes is greater than the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
at T5-T8 the width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra

147
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

148
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)

149
Q

How many synovial joints are present at a typical thoracic?

A

ten

150
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are present on a typical thoracic?

A

six

151
Q

Identify the synovial joint surfaces for ribs that are present on a typical thoracic?

A

two superior costal demi-facets, two inferior costal demi-facets, two transverse costal facets

152
Q

What is the name given to the overlap of spinous processes in the thoracic region?

A

imbrication

153
Q

Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracics?

A

T5-T8

154
Q

Which thoracic has the longest spinous process?

A

T8

155
Q

What is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region?

A

the unfersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane
the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane

156
Q

Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior major, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis

157
Q

How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?

A

typically ten (fourteen if the rib ligaments are included)

158
Q

The costocentral stellate/ radiate ligament will attach to which segment(s) at the C8 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

the vertebral body of C7 and the vertebral body of T1

159
Q

The costocentral stellate/ radiate ligament will attach to which segment(s) at the T1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

the vertebral body of T1 and the vertebral body of T2

160
Q

What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?

A

the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib

161
Q

What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T1?

A

the inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments

162
Q

What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?

A

the superior costotransverse ligament

163
Q

The superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T1 will attach to which rib?

A

the second rib

164
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of T1?

A

longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum brevis

165
Q

How many synovial joints are present at T1?

A

ten

166
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?

A

the trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis

167
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?

A

the trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis

168
Q

Which muscles attach to the transverse process of T9?

A

the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis

169
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at T9?

A

ten

170
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are typically present on T9?

A

six

171
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T9?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

172
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?

A

two

173
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T10?

A

two

174
Q

How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?

A

typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligaments are included)

175
Q

How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T10?

A

typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligaments are included)

176
Q

Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?

A

inferior costal demi-facets

177
Q

Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine?

A

T10

178
Q

The superior costotransverse ligament of the T10 transverse process will attach to which rib?

A

the eleventh rib

179
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of T10?

A

longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis

180
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at T10?

A

eight

181
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are typically present on T10?

A

four

182
Q

A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?

A

T10

183
Q

A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?

A

T10

184
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T10?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

185
Q

What joint classifications are present at T10?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

186
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?

A

two

187
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T11?

A

two

188
Q

How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?

A

four are typically identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligaments are included)

189
Q

How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?

A

typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligaments are included)

190
Q

How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?

A

typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligaments are included)

191
Q

Which ligament of the costocentral joint is absent for the eleventh rib?

A

the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament

192
Q

Which vertebra is the last segment to demonstrate a transverse costal facet?

A

T10

193
Q

What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of T11?

A

the superior costotransverse, and slightly developed inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments

194
Q

Which costotransverse joint will be the superior costotransverse ligament at the transverse process of T11 support?

A

the twelfth rib costotransverse joint

195
Q

Which costotransverse ligament(s) are absent at T11?

A

capsular costotransverse ligament

196
Q

Which joint classification is associated with the intertransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

197
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of T11?

A

longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis

198
Q

Which levator costarum muscle is absent at T11?

A

levator costarum longus

199
Q

Which segment will be the last to demonstrate an attachment for the levator costarum longus?

A

T10

200
Q

Which segment will be the last to demonstrate an attachment for the levator costarum longus?

A

T10

201
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T11?

A

the face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

202
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T11?

A

they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)

203
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at T11?

A

six

204
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T11?

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

205
Q

Which muscles of the five layers of the true back are present at the spinous process of T11?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis

206
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?

A

two

207
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T12?

A

two

208
Q

How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T12?

A

typically eight (ten if the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligaments are included)

209
Q

Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12?

A

psoas major and psoas minor

210
Q

What does the lateral tubercle of T12 represent?

A

the transverse process

211
Q

What does the superior tubercle of T12 represent?

A

the mammillary process of lumbar vertebrae

212
Q

What does the inferior tubercle of T12 represent?

A

the accessory process of lumbar vertebrae

213
Q

Which is the smallest of the tubercles at the transverse process region of T12?

A

the inferior tubercle

214
Q

What joint surface of the typical thoracic transverse process is absent on T12?

A

the transverse costal facet

215
Q

What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib?

A

the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1

216
Q

Which costotransverse ligament(s) are attached at T12?

A

none; the capsular, superior, inferior, and lateral costotransverse ligaments lack an attachment to T12

217
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of T12?

A

the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and intertransversarii

218
Q

Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum brevis attachment?

A

T11

219
Q

Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum longus attachment?

A

T10

220
Q

Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum longus attachment?

A

T10

221
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T12?

A

they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

222
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12?

A

they face forward, downward, and lateral (FoLD)

223
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at T12?

A

six

224
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

225
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

226
Q

Which muscle (s) attach to the vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae?

A

longus colli, psoas major, psoas minor

227
Q

Which thoracic segments will have muscles attaching to their vertebral bodies?

A

T1-T3, T12

228
Q

Rhomboid major and rhomboid minor will attach to the spinous process of which thoracic (s)

A

T1 only

229
Q

What is the generic shape of they typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?

A

reniform or kidney-shaped

230
Q

What accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve?

A

the vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height

231
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?

A

six

232
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?

A

none

233
Q

How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?

A

two

234
Q

How many fibrous( amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?

A

four

235
Q

What muscles may attach to the first lumbar vertebral body?

A

psoas major and psoas minor

236
Q

What muscle(s) may attach from the second down to the fourth lumbar vertebral body?

A

psoas major

237
Q

What muscle(s) may attach from the second down to the fourth lumbar vertebral body?

A

psoas major

238
Q

Psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segments?

A

T12, L1

239
Q

What is the name given to the ligaments that attach the vertebral body to articular surface?

A

Transforaminal ligaments

240
Q

What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?

A

Corporotransverse ligaments

241
Q

Hofmann ligaments are identified in which regions along the vertebral column?

A

cervical-upper thoracic region and lumbar region

242
Q

Cervical-upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?

A

dura mater to segments above

243
Q

What is the highest level known to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments?

A

C6

244
Q

What is the proposed function of the cervical-upper thoracic Hoffmann ligaments?

A

resist caudal movement of the dural sac; resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord

245
Q

Lumbar Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?

A

dura mater to lower segmental levels

246
Q

What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments?

A

resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion

247
Q

What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?

A

overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes; overlap of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes

248
Q

What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?

A

accessory process

249
Q

A styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition?

A

7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process

250
Q

What muscle(s) attach to the lumbar accessory process?

A

longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii

251
Q

What muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?

A

psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator brevis, rotator longus and intertransversarii

252
Q

What muscles will attach to lumbar superior articular processes?

A

multifidis and and intertransversarii

253
Q

What ligament will attach to the lumbar superior articular process and transverse process?

A

mammillo-accessory ligament

254
Q

What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?

A

the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve

255
Q

What is the joint classification for the typical lumbar zygapophysis?

A

synovial plane(diarthrosis arthrodia)

256
Q

How many synovial joints are present on a typical lumbar vertebra?

A

four

257
Q

What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in children?

A

the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane

258
Q

What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?

A

the zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/L3, and L3/L4;
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5 and L5/S1

259
Q

What name is given to zygapophysis between vertebral couples that lie in the same plane?

A

joint symmetry

260
Q

What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane or position and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position?

A

joint asymmetry or joint tropism

261
Q

What is the name(s) of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increases in the length due to the aging process?

A

Baastrup’s syndrome or kissing spines

262
Q

What muscles will attach to the typical lumbar spinous process?

A

latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

263
Q

What is the appearance of the fifth lumbar vertebral body from the lateral view?

A

anterior height is greater than posterior height by several millimeters; it appears to form a wedge on a lateral X-Ray view

264
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the fifth lumbar?

A

six

265
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of L5?

A

two

266
Q

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joints surfaces are present on the vertebral of L5?

A

four

267
Q

What muscle(s) attach to the fifth lumbar vertebral body?

A

psoas major

268
Q

What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar superior articular facet?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave

269
Q

What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar inferior articular facet?

A

forward, lateral, downward (FoLD); significant convexity

270
Q

What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?

A

Knife Clasp Syndrome

271
Q

What muscles will attach to the fifth lumbar spinous process?

A

latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

272
Q

How many synovial joints are maximally observed at each lumbar vertebra?

A

L1-L5= four each

273
Q

How many joints are traditionally observed at each lumbar vertebral body?

A

L1-L5= six each

274
Q

What is the inferior articular facet orientation at each lumbar vertebra?

A

L1-L5= forward, downward, lateral (FoLD)

275
Q

What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?

A

the anterior two-thirds

276
Q

What part of the sacral ala is derived from the true transverse process?

A

the posterior third

277
Q

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?

A

four

278
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?

A

five

279
Q

How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?

A

one

280
Q

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?

A

four

281
Q

What muscle(s) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?

A

psoas major

282
Q

What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?

A

the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1

283
Q

What is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave

284
Q

What is the name given to the projection on the first sacral superior articular process?

A

mammillary process

285
Q

What muscles will attach to the sacral mammillary processes?

A

multifidis

286
Q

What is the usual condition for the first sacral spinous process?

A

it is non-bifid and short

287
Q

An imaginary line drawn along the dorsal midline of sacrum is identified as the_____.

A

median sacral crest

288
Q

What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?

A

Knife Clasp Syndrome

289
Q

An imaginary line drawn from the superior articular process of S1 to the sacral cornu will form what feature?

A

intermediate sacral crest

290
Q

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

A

the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5

291
Q

What does the sacral cornu represent?

A

the inferior articular process and facet of S5?

292
Q

What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?

A

sacral hiatus

293
Q

An imaginary line drawn from the transverse process of S1 to the inferior lateral sacral angle will for what feature?

A

the lateral sacral crest

294
Q

What is the sacral tuberosity?

A

the enlarged transverse tubercle of S2

295
Q

What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?

A

the accessory sacro-iliac joint

296
Q

What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

A

auricular surface

297
Q

What feature does the anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1 form?

A

the sacral promontory

298
Q

The continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?

A

the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

299
Q

*What forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spine nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament

300
Q

*What forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

vertebral body S5, vertebral body Co1 deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc

301
Q

What forms the inferior boundary of the spinal canal?

A

the union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments

302
Q

What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?

A

sacrospinous ligament

303
Q

Which ligament has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischial tuberosity?

A

sacrotuberous ligament

304
Q

Which ligament is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments and is penetrated by dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves?

A

interosseous sacro-iliac ligament

305
Q

What is the homolog for the inferior articular process and facet at S5?

A

sacral cornu

306
Q

What is the homolog for the superior articular process and facet at Co1?

A

coccygeal cornu

307
Q

What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?

A

intercornual ligament

308
Q

What is the number of coccygeal somites?

A

ten

309
Q

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?

A

4 segments

310
Q

When is ossification of coccyx completed?

A

about age 30

311
Q

What is the direction of fusion of coccygeal segments?

A

from caudal to cranial, the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2

312
Q

What is the direction of the coccygeal curve?

A

posterior(kyphotic)

313
Q

What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?

A

flexion- extension, 5-20 degrees

314
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus?

A

typically 5 pairs of coccygeal nerves are present

315
Q

What forms the coccygeal nerve plexus?

A

S4, S5 and Co1 nerves

316
Q

What is the ganglion impar?

A

a midline sympathetic ganglion

317
Q

What is the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?

A

an enlarged encapsulated arteriovenous anastomosis located near the last segment of coccyx

318
Q

Superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be orientated backward, upward, and medial?

A

C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1

319
Q

Superior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, upward, and lateral?

A

C2, T1-T12

320
Q

Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, medial, and downward?

A

C1

321
Q

Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, lateral, and downward?

A

C2-C6, T12, L1-L5

322
Q

Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, medial, and downward?

A

C7, T1-T11

323
Q

Which segment has the only inferior articular facet to face backward?

A

C1

324
Q

What is the definition of spondylosis?

A

a vertebral condition

325
Q

What is the definition of spondylolysis?

A

a vertebral separation of vertebral cleavage

326
Q

What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?

A

a vertebral slippage

327
Q

What is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in Spinal II?

A

a separation along the pars interarticularis (defect in the pars interarticularis or pars defect)

328
Q

What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the general population?

A

a range of 2.6% to 10%

329
Q

What is the geographic or ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolysis?

A

the native alaskan (inuit) population

330
Q

What does lumbar spondylolysis appear to be related to?

A

the uniquely human upright stance or erect posture

331
Q

Lumbar spondylolysis is associated with what characteristics?

A

familial association, spina bifida occulta, racial/ethnic disparities, gender and locational bias, youthful incidence and activities requiring repetitive stress on the spine

332
Q

What is the age range typically associated with lumbar spondylolysis?

A

10-20 year olds

333
Q

What activities are particularly stressful at the pars interarticularis of lumbar vertebrae?

A

gymnastics, dance, soccer

334
Q

What fills the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?

A

fibrocartilagenous material

335
Q

What name has been given to the material filling the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?

A

spondylolysis ligament

336
Q

What types of neural function(s) have been associated with the spondylolysis ligament?

A

nociception, neuromodulation and autonomic function

337
Q

What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique X-ray view?

A

a collared Scotty dog

338
Q

In an oblique X-Ray, spondylolysis below the superior articular process of a lumbar pars interarticularis is associated with what part of the Scotty Dog?

A

the neck of the Scotty Dog

339
Q

What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the eye of the Scotty Dog?

A

the pedicle

340
Q

What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the ear of a Scotty Dog?

A

the superior articular process

341
Q

What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the nose of a Scotty Dog?

A

the transverse process

342
Q

What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?

A

rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida

spinal anatomy (1 decks)

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