Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What nerve indents the articular pillar of typical cervical vertebrae?
A
The medial branch of the dorsal ramus of the cervical spinal nerve.
2
Q
What is the classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets?
A
40 to 45 degrees from the coronal plane
3
Q
Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?
A
55 to 60 degrees
4
Q
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?
A
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
5
Q
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?
A
forward, lateral, downward(FoLD)
6
Q
What muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?
A
the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis and rotators
7
Q
What muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?
A
the semispinalis capitis, multifidis, and rotator longus
8
Q
What is the joint classification for the typical cervical zygapophysis?
A
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
9
Q
What will influence spinal kinematics?
A
geometry of articular facets, mechanical properties of connective tissue, mechanical properties of muscle
10
Q
The greatest range of flexion-extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
A
Typically c5/c6
11
Q
*What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?
A
lateral bending and axial rotation
12
Q
*Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?
A
the C5/C6 vertebral couple
13
Q
What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?
A
they are bifid
14
Q
What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?
A
they are non-bifid
15
Q
What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
A
the spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, cemispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
16
Q
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
A
atlas
17
Q
What features are lacking at C1?
A
Vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and the intervertebral disc
18
Q
What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
A
longus colli
19
Q
What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?
A
the anterior longitudinal , anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments
20
Q
What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?
A
the fovea dentis
21
Q
What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?
A
they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
22
Q
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?
A
Backward, upward, medial (BUM)
23
Q
What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?
A
Asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened
24
Q
*What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?
A
backward, medial, downward (BMD)
25
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
26
What is thought to represent the pedicle at C1?
the anterior arch
27
*What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
28
*What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
males: about fifty millimeters; females: about thirty-seven millimeters
29
*What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
30
What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?
the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
31
Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?
accessory bone
32
What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?
about age 7 years old
33
*What may be formed by ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
a partial ponticulus posticus or complete ponticulus posticus
34
What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?
Kimmerle's anomaly
35
*What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal
36
Ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?
all ethnic populations studied thus far
37
What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?
1%-41%
38
What is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?
female
39
What is the location of the zygapophysis relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina?
it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases
40
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?
costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
41
What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?
anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar
42
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles
43
What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
44
What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
myodural bridges
45
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas
46
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed
the retrotransvere foramen
47
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck
48
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
lateral bridges
49
What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
50
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
males: 78 millimeters
females: 72 millimeters
51
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to he skin for each gender?
a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females
52
What joint classifications are observed at C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot ( diarthrosis trochoid) joint and synovial plane ( diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
53
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
five: two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets and the fovea dentis
54
*What names are given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
55
*What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
the dens or odontoid process
56
*How many joint surfaces are present on the dens of C2?
five
57
*What joint surfaces are present on the dens of C2?
facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
58
What joint classifications are represented at the odontoid process of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis), syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
59
*What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies ABOVE the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?
lordotic dens
60
*What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies BELOW the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
61
What joint surfaces are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves,,,,, and cancellous bone
62
How many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
5
63
What joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
64
*What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
membrana tectoria
65
*What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
posterior longitudinal ligament
66
What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?
the superior articular process
67
What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
on the lamina-pedicle junction
68
*What attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
69
What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?
they are asymmetrical and slightly convex
70
*What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
71
*What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
forward, lateral, and down (FoLD)
72
*What is the classification of the zygapophyseal joints of C2?
synovial plane ( diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
73
What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?
costal element, posterior tubercle and true transverse process
74
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
males: fifty-seven millimeters and females:about fifty millimeters
75
What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?
levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissumus cervicis and intertransversarii
76
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, mulitifidis, rotators and interspinalis muscles
77
What names may be given to C7?
vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence
78
What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?
vertebral prominence
79
What name is given only to C7?
vertebra prominens
80
In what percent of men and of women does C7 become the vertebral prominence?
men:eighty-six percent, Women: seventy-nine percent
81
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
82
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
eight
83
What muscle(s) attaches to the vertebral body of C7?
longus colli muscle
84
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
85
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
86
what is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
87
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
forward, medial, downward (ForMed)
88
What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?
longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis and multifidis
89
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
Trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
90
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
Trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
91
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?
ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligaments
92
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
left vertebral artery
93
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
94
What was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
95
Which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
96
What are they symptoms of failure of the vertebral artery to compensate during the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
dizziness, vertigo, nausea are common complaints
97
The vertebral artery is typically a branch of which artery?
subclavian artery
98
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
the atlanto-axial interspace
99
At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?
the atlanto-occipital interspace
100
At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?
the atlanto-occipital interspace
101
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
both C1 and C2
102
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
103
What artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?
the basilar artery
104
What forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament
105
What forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2 and posterior atlanto-axial ligament
106
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
107
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
108
What are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, upward, medial (BUM), C2 is backward, upward, lateral (BUL) C3-C7 is backward, upward, medial (BUM)
109
What are the inferior articular facet orientations for cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, downward, medial (BMD), C2-C6 is forward, downward, lateral (FoLD), C7 is forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)
110
How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?
C1=five, C2=eight, C3-C6=eight, C7=six
111
How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?
C1=none, C2= ten, C3-C6=ten, C7=eight
112
What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
113
What is the outline of the vertebral body of a typical thoracic superior view?
triangular
114
On the cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the T5-T8 group?
the left side of the vertebral body will be flattened, the right side convex
115
What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?
the aortic impression
116
What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?
the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims
117
What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?
the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims
118
What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?
the posterior height is greater that the anterior height by one to two millimeters
119
What is the height pattern of intervertebral discs in the typical thoracic region?
the intervertebral discs are rather planar or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior heights
120
What is the principle cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
the vertebral body height differences
121
What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?
a kyphotic curve
122
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
fibrous(amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) sympysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
123
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
fibrous(amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) sympysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
124
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
125
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
two
126
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
127
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically ten( fourteen if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
128
What is the name given to the joint formed at the vertebral body and rib?
costocentral joint
129
How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
130
Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?
the superior costal demi-facet
131
What feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracics?
the constocentral joint or ribs
132
What ligaments support the costocentral joint?
the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
133
What ligaments support the costocentral joint?
the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
134
What does the costocentral intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?
the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the intervertebral disc
135
What is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?
the rib surface is greater that the costal demi-facet surface
136
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3?
the longus colli
137
What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the typical thoracic vertebral body?
the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally
138
What is the angulation of the pedicle in the typical thoracic region?
ten to fifteen degrees posterolateral from the sagittal plane
139
Which X-Ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?
the lateral view
140
What is overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region?
shingling
141
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen in the typical thoracic region?
oval to circular
142
In which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?
the transverse plane, the vertebral transverse diameter
143
What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?
the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib
144
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?
the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
145
Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
the longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
146
How can you distinguish between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articular process?
at T2-T4 the width between the superior articular processes is greater than the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
at T5-T8 the width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
147
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
148
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
149
How many synovial joints are present at a typical thoracic?
ten
150
How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are present on a typical thoracic?
six
151
Identify the synovial joint surfaces for ribs that are present on a typical thoracic?
two superior costal demi-facets, two inferior costal demi-facets, two transverse costal facets
152
What is the name given to the overlap of spinous processes in the thoracic region?
imbrication
153
Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracics?
T5-T8
154
Which thoracic has the longest spinous process?
T8
155
What is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region?
the unfersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane
the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane
156
Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior major, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis
157
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
typically ten (fourteen if the rib ligaments are included)
158
The costocentral stellate/ radiate ligament will attach to which segment(s) at the C8 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
the vertebral body of C7 and the vertebral body of T1
159
The costocentral stellate/ radiate ligament will attach to which segment(s) at the T1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
the vertebral body of T1 and the vertebral body of T2
160
What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?
the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib
161
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T1?
the inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
162
What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?
the superior costotransverse ligament
163
The superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T1 will attach to which rib?
the second rib
164
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T1?
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum brevis
165
How many synovial joints are present at T1?
ten
166
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?
the trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis
167
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?
the trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis
168
Which muscles attach to the transverse process of T9?
the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
169
How many synovial joints are typically present at T9?
ten
170
How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are typically present on T9?
six
171
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T9?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
172
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?
two
173
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T10?
two
174
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?
typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligaments are included)
175
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T10?
typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligaments are included)
176
Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?
inferior costal demi-facets
177
Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine?
T10
178
The superior costotransverse ligament of the T10 transverse process will attach to which rib?
the eleventh rib
179
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T10?
longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
180
How many synovial joints are typically present at T10?
eight
181
How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are typically present on T10?
four
182
A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?
T10
183
A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?
T10
184
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T10?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
185
What joint classifications are present at T10?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
186
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?
two
187
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T11?
two
188
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?
four are typically identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligaments are included)
189
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?
typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligaments are included)
190
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?
typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligaments are included)
191
Which ligament of the costocentral joint is absent for the eleventh rib?
the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
192
Which vertebra is the last segment to demonstrate a transverse costal facet?
T10
193
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of T11?
the superior costotransverse, and slightly developed inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
194
Which costotransverse joint will be the superior costotransverse ligament at the transverse process of T11 support?
the twelfth rib costotransverse joint
195
Which costotransverse ligament(s) are absent at T11?
capsular costotransverse ligament
196
Which joint classification is associated with the intertransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
197
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T11?
longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
198
Which levator costarum muscle is absent at T11?
levator costarum longus
199
Which segment will be the last to demonstrate an attachment for the levator costarum longus?
T10
200
Which segment will be the last to demonstrate an attachment for the levator costarum longus?
T10
201
What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T11?
the face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
202
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T11?
they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
203
How many synovial joints are typically present at T11?
six
204
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T11?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
205
Which muscles of the five layers of the true back are present at the spinous process of T11?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis
206
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?
two
207
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T12?
two
208
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T12?
typically eight (ten if the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligaments are included)
209
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12?
psoas major and psoas minor
210
What does the lateral tubercle of T12 represent?
the transverse process
211
What does the superior tubercle of T12 represent?
the mammillary process of lumbar vertebrae
212
What does the inferior tubercle of T12 represent?
the accessory process of lumbar vertebrae
213
Which is the smallest of the tubercles at the transverse process region of T12?
the inferior tubercle
214
What joint surface of the typical thoracic transverse process is absent on T12?
the transverse costal facet
215
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib?
the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
216
Which costotransverse ligament(s) are attached at T12?
none; the capsular, superior, inferior, and lateral costotransverse ligaments lack an attachment to T12
217
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T12?
the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and intertransversarii
218
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum brevis attachment?
T11
219
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum longus attachment?
T10
220
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum longus attachment?
T10
221
What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T12?
they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
222
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12?
they face forward, downward, and lateral (FoLD)
223
How many synovial joints are typically present at T12?
six
224
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
225
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
226
Which muscle (s) attach to the vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae?
longus colli, psoas major, psoas minor
227
Which thoracic segments will have muscles attaching to their vertebral bodies?
T1-T3, T12
228
Rhomboid major and rhomboid minor will attach to the spinous process of which thoracic (s)
T1 only
229
What is the generic shape of they typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?
reniform or kidney-shaped
230
What accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve?
the vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height
231
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
six
232
How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
none
233
How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?
two
234
How many fibrous( amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?
four
235
What muscles may attach to the first lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major and psoas minor
236
What muscle(s) may attach from the second down to the fourth lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major
237
What muscle(s) may attach from the second down to the fourth lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major
238
Psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segments?
T12, L1
239
What is the name given to the ligaments that attach the vertebral body to articular surface?
Transforaminal ligaments
240
What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?
Corporotransverse ligaments
241
Hofmann ligaments are identified in which regions along the vertebral column?
cervical-upper thoracic region and lumbar region
242
Cervical-upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
dura mater to segments above
243
What is the highest level known to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments?
C6
244
What is the proposed function of the cervical-upper thoracic Hoffmann ligaments?
resist caudal movement of the dural sac; resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord
245
Lumbar Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
dura mater to lower segmental levels
246
What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments?
resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion
247
What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?
overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes; overlap of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes
248
What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?
accessory process
249
A styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition?
7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process
250
What muscle(s) attach to the lumbar accessory process?
longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii
251
What muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?
psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator brevis, rotator longus and intertransversarii
252
What muscles will attach to lumbar superior articular processes?
multifidis and and intertransversarii
253
What ligament will attach to the lumbar superior articular process and transverse process?
mammillo-accessory ligament
254
What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?
the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve
255
What is the joint classification for the typical lumbar zygapophysis?
synovial plane(diarthrosis arthrodia)
256
How many synovial joints are present on a typical lumbar vertebra?
four
257
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in children?
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane
258
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?
the zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/L3, and L3/L4;
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5 and L5/S1
259
What name is given to zygapophysis between vertebral couples that lie in the same plane?
joint symmetry
260
What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane or position and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position?
joint asymmetry or joint tropism
261
What is the name(s) of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increases in the length due to the aging process?
Baastrup's syndrome or kissing spines
262
What muscles will attach to the typical lumbar spinous process?
latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
263
What is the appearance of the fifth lumbar vertebral body from the lateral view?
anterior height is greater than posterior height by several millimeters; it appears to form a wedge on a lateral X-Ray view
264
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the fifth lumbar?
six
265
How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of L5?
two
266
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joints surfaces are present on the vertebral of L5?
four
267
What muscle(s) attach to the fifth lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major
268
What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
269
What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD); significant convexity
270
What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?
Knife Clasp Syndrome
271
What muscles will attach to the fifth lumbar spinous process?
latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
272
How many synovial joints are maximally observed at each lumbar vertebra?
L1-L5= four each
273
How many joints are traditionally observed at each lumbar vertebral body?
L1-L5= six each
274
What is the inferior articular facet orientation at each lumbar vertebra?
L1-L5= forward, downward, lateral (FoLD)
275
What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?
the anterior two-thirds
276
What part of the sacral ala is derived from the true transverse process?
the posterior third
277
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?
four
278
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?
five
279
How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?
one
280
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?
four
281
What muscle(s) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?
psoas major
282
What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1
283
What is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
284
What is the name given to the projection on the first sacral superior articular process?
mammillary process
285
What muscles will attach to the sacral mammillary processes?
multifidis
286
What is the usual condition for the first sacral spinous process?
it is non-bifid and short
287
An imaginary line drawn along the dorsal midline of sacrum is identified as the_____.
median sacral crest
288
What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?
Knife Clasp Syndrome
289
An imaginary line drawn from the superior articular process of S1 to the sacral cornu will form what feature?
intermediate sacral crest
290
What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?
the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5
291
What does the sacral cornu represent?
the inferior articular process and facet of S5?
292
What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?
sacral hiatus
293
An imaginary line drawn from the transverse process of S1 to the inferior lateral sacral angle will for what feature?
the lateral sacral crest
294
What is the sacral tuberosity?
the enlarged transverse tubercle of S2
295
What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?
the accessory sacro-iliac joint
296
What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?
auricular surface
297
What feature does the anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1 form?
the sacral promontory
298
The continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?
the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
299
*What forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spine nerve intervertebral foramen?
sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament
300
*What forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
vertebral body S5, vertebral body Co1 deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc
301
What forms the inferior boundary of the spinal canal?
the union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments
302
What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?
sacrospinous ligament
303
Which ligament has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischial tuberosity?
sacrotuberous ligament
304
Which ligament is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments and is penetrated by dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves?
interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
305
What is the homolog for the inferior articular process and facet at S5?
sacral cornu
306
What is the homolog for the superior articular process and facet at Co1?
coccygeal cornu
307
What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?
intercornual ligament
308
What is the number of coccygeal somites?
ten
309
What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?
4 segments
310
When is ossification of coccyx completed?
about age 30
311
What is the direction of fusion of coccygeal segments?
from caudal to cranial, the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2
312
What is the direction of the coccygeal curve?
posterior(kyphotic)
313
What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?
flexion- extension, 5-20 degrees
314
How many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus?
typically 5 pairs of coccygeal nerves are present
315
What forms the coccygeal nerve plexus?
S4, S5 and Co1 nerves
316
What is the ganglion impar?
a midline sympathetic ganglion
317
What is the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?
an enlarged encapsulated arteriovenous anastomosis located near the last segment of coccyx
318
Superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be orientated backward, upward, and medial?
C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1
319
Superior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, upward, and lateral?
C2, T1-T12
320
Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, medial, and downward?
C1
321
Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, lateral, and downward?
C2-C6, T12, L1-L5
322
Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, medial, and downward?
C7, T1-T11
323
Which segment has the only inferior articular facet to face backward?
C1
324
What is the definition of spondylosis?
a vertebral condition
325
What is the definition of spondylolysis?
a vertebral separation of vertebral cleavage
326
What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?
a vertebral slippage
327
What is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in Spinal II?
a separation along the pars interarticularis (defect in the pars interarticularis or pars defect)
328
What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the general population?
a range of 2.6% to 10%
329
What is the geographic or ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolysis?
the native alaskan (inuit) population
330
What does lumbar spondylolysis appear to be related to?
the uniquely human upright stance or erect posture
331
Lumbar spondylolysis is associated with what characteristics?
familial association, spina bifida occulta, racial/ethnic disparities, gender and locational bias, youthful incidence and activities requiring repetitive stress on the spine
332
What is the age range typically associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
10-20 year olds
333
What activities are particularly stressful at the pars interarticularis of lumbar vertebrae?
gymnastics, dance, soccer
334
What fills the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?
fibrocartilagenous material
335
What name has been given to the material filling the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?
spondylolysis ligament
336
What types of neural function(s) have been associated with the spondylolysis ligament?
nociception, neuromodulation and autonomic function
337
What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique X-ray view?
a collared Scotty dog
338
In an oblique X-Ray, spondylolysis below the superior articular process of a lumbar pars interarticularis is associated with what part of the Scotty Dog?
the neck of the Scotty Dog
339
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the eye of the Scotty Dog?
the pedicle
340
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the ear of a Scotty Dog?
the superior articular process
341
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the nose of a Scotty Dog?
the transverse process
342
What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?
rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida
