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exercise physiology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what causes fatigue

A
  1. inadequate energy delivery
  2. accumulation of metabolic by-products
  3. failure of contractile mechanism
  4. altered neural control of muscle contraction
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2
Q

factors that affect Basal metabolic rate

A

age, temp, psychological stress, hormones

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3
Q

indirect calorimetry

A

energy expenditure through respiratory gasses

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4
Q

direct calorimetry

A

energy expenditure through heat production. more accurate but more expensive

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5
Q

EPOC

A

amount of oxygen consumed after exercise stops. lactic acid is being cleared

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6
Q

RER

A

VCO2/VO2, decreases with endurance training because of better oxygen consumption

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7
Q

p wave

A

atrial depolarization

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8
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

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9
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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10
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow heart rate (60 bts/min or less)

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11
Q

tachycardia

A

fast heart rate (more that 100 bts/min)

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12
Q

PVCs (premature ventricular contractions)

A

skipped or extra heartbeats

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13
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

three or more consecutive premature ventricular contractions

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14
Q

cardiac cycle

A

all events that occur within one heart beat (systole and diastole)

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15
Q

SV

A

volume of blood pumped in one beat

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16
Q

Ejection fraction

A

amount of blood in the left ventricle compared to the volume of blood in it before the contraction (EDV/SV)

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17
Q

boyles law

A

pxv: when airway opens, pressure rushes into the lungs because of a pressure difference with the outside of the lungs

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18
Q

daltons law

A

partial pressures

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19
Q

CO2 transfer modes

A
  1. bicarb ions -60-70%
  2. dissolves in plasma
  3. binds to hemoglobin
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20
Q

what controls pulmonary ventilation?

A

respiratory centers located in the brain stem

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21
Q

sv determined by 4 factors

A
  1. volume of venous blood returned to the heart
  2. ventricular capacity to enlarge
  3. ventricular contractility- ability to contract
  4. aortic or pulmonary pressure
22
Q

steady state HR

A

point of plateau, optimal hr for meeting the needs at given submaximal intensity

23
Q

Cardiovascular drift

A

sv decreases and hr increases. core temp increases so more blood goes to the skin to release heat.

24
Q

(a-v)O2 difference

A

arterial oxygen content/ mixed venous oxygen content.
expresses the extent to which oxygen is being removed from the blood as it passes through the body. increases with exercise

25
Q

dyspnea

A

shortness of breath during exercise.

26
Q

hypervenilation

A

anticipation of or anxiety about exercise. overbreathing.

27
Q

exercise induced- arterial hypoxemia

A

occurs in elite athletes, too large of a demand for oxygen gas exchange in the lunges. PO2 drops.

28
Q

what controls acid-base balance?

A
  1. chemical buffers in blood (H+)
  2. pulmonary ventilation
  3. kidneys help buffer H+ out of body
29
Q

individuality

A

athletes are not created equal.

30
Q

specificity

A

adaptations are highly specific to type of activity and intensity

31
Q

reversibility

A

gains achieved through training will be lost if training decreases or stops.

32
Q

progressive overload

A

increasing bodys demands is essential for improvement. muscles must be overloaded to improve.

33
Q

periodization (variation)

A

changing one or more variables in the training program to allow for training to remain challenging and effective

34
Q

static-contraction

A

isometric training, muscle force without muscle shortening. good for rehab situations.

35
Q

free weights

A

provide constant resistance. better for more advanced weight lifters. muscles are weakest at 60%

36
Q

eccentric training

A

muscles elongate and have more ability to resist force than concentric . best training method when combined with concentric.

37
Q

variable resistance

A

bases for many machines. muscles are forced to work at higher capacities throughout the range of motion.

38
Q

isokinetic training

A

movement @ constant speed. individual can conduct maximal force at all points of motion

39
Q

polyometrics

A

stretch-shortening cycle exercise. supposed to bridge gap between strength and speed. ex) squating then jumping up onto a box and then jumping back down into a squat

40
Q

electrical stimulation

A

passing and electrical signal through a muscle or motor nerve. good for recover for injury/surgery. no evidence of helping healthy athletes.

41
Q

interval training

A

repeated bouts of high intensity with rest or reduced intensity inbetween

42
Q

neural adaptations that occur with resistance training

A

more motor units are recruited. autogenic inhibition of golgi tendon organs help protect tissues and bones by inhibiting muscle contractions

43
Q

transient hypertrophy

A

increase in muscle size during or right after exercise. caused by muscle edema and increased fluid in intersticial space. short term.

44
Q

chronic hypertrophy

A

long term increase in muscle size from high-velocity eccentric training. fiber hypertrophy, fiber hyperplasia or both.

45
Q

acute muscle soreness

A

occurs as a result of metabolic by products and tissue edema to cause acute swelling. disappears within minutes to hours

46
Q

DOMS

A

1-2 days after exercise. type 1 muscle fiber strain. caused majorly by eccentric contractions. not caused by metabolic by products. increase in enzymes during exercise breaks down muscle tissue. excess of enzymes were found in blood about the same time as DOMs set in. ex) running downhill vs running flat.

47
Q

DOMs and performance and how to prevent it

A

decreases muscle strength. you can start training at lower intensities, or start training at extremely high intensities and get DOMS over with. you can also minimize eccentric training that causes DOMS

48
Q

changes in the muscle after chronic endurance training

A

Type 1 muscle fibers increase in number and size. type IIx may start to behave more like IIa. increase in capillary supply. increase in myoglobin which is found in type I fibers mostly and binds to oxygen. increase mitochondria size and number.

49
Q

why does performance continue to increase even when VO2 max doesn’t

A

lactate threshold can continue to increase.

50
Q

factors that contribute to chronic aerobic training

A

heredity and sex. also some people are high or low responders to exercise.

51
Q

ways the body loses heat during exercise

A
  1. metabolic heat production
  2. transfer of heat from skin to environment
  3. conduction- skin touches a cold object
  4. convection- skin touches a heated surface

exercise physiology (2 decks)

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