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Horse Management > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Main goal of training

A

to get the horse to make desired response or to stop making undesirable response

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2
Q

Prey Animal

A

horses are prey animals

-they are naturally weary of new objects, sights, and sounds

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3
Q

Senses

A

Horses have Excellent Senses

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4
Q

communication

A

must be mutual

-listen and look for communication signs

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5
Q

Attitude

A

affects training

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6
Q

Individuality

A

horses are individuals
-have different personalities and character:
:fearful, disrespectful, sensitive, skittish, calm/laid back, domineering, clever, lacks confidence, spirited
- genetic potential influences performance
-training technique may need to be adjusted with each horse

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7
Q

Respect

A

respect of handler is very important
-handler is dominant
: controlling movement is the single most important attribute that dictates dominance

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8
Q

Training

A

takes time,
amount of time directly related to difficulty of task and ability of the horse
- may vary from horse to horse

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9
Q

Understand lack of response

A
  • good spirits/lack of attention
  • poor health/physical inability to perform
  • fear or uncertainty
  • intentional disobedience
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10
Q

Learned Behavior

A

horses are always learning
-from horses, the environment, and humans
: trainers manipulate environment by using stimuli and reinforcement relative to the desired response

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11
Q

fundamental to the psychology of training

A

stimuli, responses, reinforcement, and their relationship to each other

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12
Q

Desired response

A

behavior sought out by handler that is desired

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13
Q

Unconditioned response

A

behavior that occurs without practice

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14
Q

Conditioned response

A

behavior that occurs when it is learned

-responses are chained together into maneuvers

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15
Q

Unconditioned Stimuli

A

a stimulus which naturally causes a response with no practice
:very few stimuli will naturally cause the response sought in training

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16
Q

Conditioned Stimuli

A

also called Cues

-a response derived from a stimulus that has been learned through practice

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17
Q

Cues

A

Conditioned Stimuli

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18
Q

Basic Cues

A

simple and obvious cue that communicates to the horse what you want it to do
-present specific cues rather than indiscriminate cue to avoid confusing the horse

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19
Q

Indiscriminate cues

A

several cues put together that confuse the horse

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20
Q

Presenting new cues

A

paired with basic cues to produce a desired response

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21
Q

Preparatory cues

A

cue that alerts the horse that another cue is coming

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22
Q

Types of stimuli

A

natural

artificial

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23
Q

Natural cues

A 
voice
hands
body position
legs
body weight
visual
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24
Q

Artificial cues

A

whips
spurs
training equipment

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25
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

most learning requires reinforcement to strengthen the response to certain stimuli
-natural reinforcing properties (food and water)

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26
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

Learned

  • acquired over period of time
  • ex. general acts of kindness, soothing voice, rubbing horse neck etc.
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27
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

often referred to as reward training

-horse gives desired response and receive reward

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28
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

a negative condition is stopped or taken away when the desired behavioral response is given

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29
Q

Punishment

A

weakens an undesired behavior because a negative condition is introduced or experienced as a consequence of the undesirable behavior

Intensity of Punishment critical and varies with horse
-effective punishment must cause the horse to select a desirable alternate habit that leads to a reward

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30
Q

Contingent Reinforcement

A

effective reinforcement is given immediately with relation to response
-enables a horse to know what response is being punished or rewarded

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31
Q

Non-Contingent Reinforcement

A

reinforcement given long after desired response attained

-causes a horse to have a general fear and may increase undesirable behavior

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32
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A

How often a horse is reinforced

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33
Q

Continuous

A

most desirable responses are reinforced every time

  • used when training young horses or new behaviors
  • gradually moves to intermittent
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34
Q

Intermittent

A

horse reinforced at irregular intervals

  • includes training of most older horses
  • horse trained with intermittent reinforcement will perform longer with no reinforcement than a continuously reinforced horse
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35
Q

Extinction

A

when no reinforcement is give, horse will stop performing desired response

  • can be both desired or undesired to have a cue become extinct
  • may happen when inexperienced riders ride a horse for long periods of time
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36
Q

Shaping

A

behavior is shaped by reinforcing each successive approximation of the desired response
-recognizing small responses is paramount

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37
Q

Sensitization

A

horse becomes more reactive or responsive to a stimulus as a result of experience

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38
Q

Desensitization

A

process of gradually reducing an instinctive reaction to a repeated stimulus that has no particular consequence

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39
Q

Prolonged Training Session

A

involve training a horse to fatigue

-does not improve learning

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40
Q

Intelligence/Learning

A

The more effort required, the harder it will be for horse to learn response, and the more practice required
-horses that have greater athletic ability should learn faster than those without because less effort required

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41
Q

Importance of Disease Prevention

A

equine diseases can reduce performance, cause economic and personal losses, lower morale of workers, and affect a farm’s reputation

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42
Q

Horse operations are…

A

diverse and highly transient = high risk for diseases

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43
Q

Equine Prevention goals

A
  • prevent introduction of disease on farm
  • prevent movement of infectious disease on farm
  • optimize resistance
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44
Q

Health Management Plan

A

measures taken to reduce likelihood of disease transmission

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45
Q

Parts of Health Management plan

A 
Daily observances
Disease Control
Wound Care
Dental Care
Hoof Care
Parasite Control
Exercise
Records
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46
Q

Daily Observations

A

Observe horses at least once daily to determine if they require medical attention
-Vital signs and other parameters should be monitored daily

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47
Q

Normal Temperature

A

99.5 - 101.5 Degrees F

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48
Q

Normal Heart Rate/Pulse

A

28-40 Beats/min

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49
Q

Normal Respiration Rate

A

8 to 16 Breaths/min

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50
Q

Normal Vital Signs

A

Normal varies from horse to horse

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51
Q

Normal Gut Sounds

A

Rumbles interspersed with gurgles

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52
Q

Normal Digital Pulse

A

Should be subtle and difficult to feel

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53
Q

Skin Pliability Test

A

Return to normal within seconds

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54
Q

Capillary Refill Time

A

Press thumb against gums to spread blood

-Pink color should return within 2 seconds

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55
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

pale to bubble gum pink, moist (normal)

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56
Q

Body Fluids

A

Defecate ~ every 2 hours
~50 lbs of manure a day
Check frequency, color of consistency or urine and manure
Red urine is an indication of tying up

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57
Q

Hair Coat

A

Shiny, general healthy look, appropriate hair cover

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58
Q

Hoof Condition

A 
Hard with slick shiny/ waxy appearance
Coronary band moist and resilient
Frog pliable and intact
Sole should be firm
Free of odor
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59
Q

Body Weight

A

Should be assessed monthly

-should remain fairly constant

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60
Q

Three ways to measure body weight

A

Scale
Weight tape
Body length equations

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61
Q

Body Condition Scoring

A 
Subjective assessment of fat cover
-fat accumulates in 6 main places
\: along the neck
\: along the withers
\: tail head
\: Behind shoulder
\: Ribs
\: Crease down back
\:Flank
1-9 scale
4-6 is ideal
62
Q

Body Condition numbers

A 
1- poor
2- very thin
3- thin
4- moderately thin
5- moderate
6- moderate to fleshy
7- fleshy
8- fat
9- extremely fat
63
Q

Behavior

A

Monitor for changes daily

  • depression
  • pain
  • nervousness
  • sensitivity
  • performance failure
  • appetite changes
64
Q

Equine Influenza

A

Viral Disease
Respiratory (fever, cough, green nasal discharge)
Highly contagious
Spread by direct contact or aerosol
-Intranasal vaccine semi-annual to annual

65
Q

Equine Rhinoneumonitis

A 
Viral Disease
Equine Herpes Virus (2 strains)
Spread via direct contact or aerosol
Vaccine semi-annual to annual
-no vaccine for the neurological form
-broodmares get vaccines at 5, 7, 9 months (Pneumobort K killed vaccine)
66
Q

EHV 1: Equine Herpes Virus 1

A

Respiratory
-can cause abortions
Neurological (modified strain)

67
Q

EHV 4: Equine Herpes Virus 4

A

Respiratory (common)

68
Q

Equine Infectious Anemia

A 
EIA: Viral Disease
Anemia
Highly Infectious
Spread by biting insects (flies)
-contaminated needles
Tested for by "Coggins"
(his test is no longer used though)
Required for interstate travel, shows, racing
-Sick animals are euthanized 
-No vaccine (not used in this country: produces antibodies and cant tell who has it)
69
Q

Rabies

A

Viral Disease
Neurological
Spread by infected secretions of sick animals
high risk in wildlife areas
vaccinate annually
Zoonotic disease
- only way to do an infinitive diagnosis is looking at the brain

70
Q

Eastern, Wester, and Venezuelan Encephalomyelitis

A 
Viral Disease
Neurological- inflammation of the brain
Spread by biting insects (mosquitos)
Vaccinate Annual
-Spring, before mosquito season
71
Q

West Nile Virus

A 
Viral Disease
Neurological
Not contagious
Spread by biting insects
Vaccinate Annually
-spring, before mosquito season
72
Q

Tetanus

A 
Bacterial Disease
Clostridium tetani
Neurological
-muscle stiffness, rigidity
Not contagious
Spread via contamination of wound, environment
Vaccinate annually
73
Q

Strangles

A 
Bacterial Disease
Streptococcus Equi
Respiratory
-swollen lymph notes
Highly contagious
Spread by direct contact, aerosol
Vaccine semi-annual to annual
74
Q

Potomac Horse Fever

A 
Bacterial Disease
Neorickettsia risticii
Intestinal 
-Diarrhea, Laminitis
Spread via fresh water snails, water*
Vaccinate semi-annual to annual
75
Q

Common Clinical signs of disease

A 
Fever
Coughing
Nasal Discharge
Depression
Inappetence/ Weight loss
Weakness/ incoordination
Swollen lymph nodes
Colic
Dark or light colored mucous membrane
76
Q

Vaccinations

A 
Administered based on need
Usually given in spring and fall
Boosters required after first exposure
most can be purchased by owner
Broodmares vaccinated 4-6 weeks prior to foaling
Vaccination not always 100% effective
Follow AAEP guidelines
77
Q

Quarantine New Horse

A

for 2 weeks
diseases take 7-10 days to show signs
de-worm etc. while in quarantine
feed “healthy” first

78
Q

Sick horses

A

Isolate quickly

-never know what it is

79
Q

Health certificate

A 
in good health
no infectious disease
good for 30 days
required to travel
-done by vet
80
Q

High risk horses

A

horses that travel a lot

house them together

81
Q

Waterways

A

stop access to waterways

Potomac horse fever and also parasites from fecal matter in water

82
Q

Disinfectants

A

1 part bleach to 10 parts water
Betadine
Nolvasan (Chlorohexidine)
Lysol

83
Q

Wound Care

A

early identification and treatment important for successful outcome

84
Q

Nature of the horse

A

predisposes them to injury

  • maintain dominance
  • inquisitive
  • play
  • athletic
  • do not like confinement
85
Q

Abrasion

A

wound that does not penetrate through the superficial skin layer
: can be treated with topical ointment and cleaning as needed

86
Q

Laceration

A

wound that is through full thickness of skin an has width and length greater than depth
:skin usually torn resulting in flaps of skin

May require

  • veterinarian to suture
  • pain meds
  • antibiotics
87
Q

Puncture

A

extends deeper into the tissue than appearance on the surface

  • high risk of infection
  • if items lodged, veterinarian attention is required
  • Danger of tetanus
88
Q

Steps in wound management

A 
Control Movement
Control Bleeding
Evaluate Wound Severity
Clean Wound
Close Wound
Medicate and Bandage Wound
89
Q

Control Movement

A

tie, stocks, humane twitch, chemical restraint

90
Q

Control bleeding

A

press bandage agains wound if severe

Tourniquet may be needed is severed an artery

91
Q

Evaluate wound severity

A

determine whether a vet needs to be called

-most lacerations and punctures require veterinarian

92
Q

Clean wound

A

use mild antiseptic and warm water
-remove all dirt and debris
Clipping hair may be necessary
-cold hosing and anti-inflammatory may be necessary to control inflammation

93
Q

Medicate and Bandage wound

A

apply topical wound ointment
-furazone
novalsan ointment

94
Q

Medicate and Bandage Wound

A

apply:
non-stick gauze
quilt/cotton
bandage/vet wrap

95
Q

Components of First Aid Kit

A 
Vitals
Cleaning Wound
Bandaging
Drug Administration
Other
96
Q

First Aid Kit: Vitals

A

thermometer
petroleum jelly
stethoscope

97
Q

First Aid kit: Wound Cleaning

A 
clippers
betadine scrub and solution
gauze
20-35 cc plastic syringes
Topical wound ointment
latex gloves
98
Q

First Aid Kit: Bandaging

A 
non-stick gauze
rolled cotton
quilts
bandages
vet wrap
duct tape
bandage removal scissors
99
Q

First Aid Kit: drug admininstration

A 
antibiotics
anti-inflammatories
-bute/banamine
topical antibiotic eye ointment
syringes
needles
sharps disposal
100
Q

First Aid Kit: Other

A

rope/chain lip twitch
flashlight
epsom salts
bleach

101
Q

Genital Care- Mare

A

clean perianal, vulvar, and udder region with warm water, mild soap, rinsing thoroughly and blotting dry, as needed

102
Q

Genital Care- Male

A

Clean sheath and penis to remove dirt and debris as needed

  • Use safe handling position, warm water, protective gloves, mild soap, rinse thoroughly
  • Remove “bean” from sinus opening near urethra
103
Q

Dental Care

A

Teeth should be examined by a veterinarian 1-2 times a year

-poor dentition can result in colic, weight loss, decreased performance

104
Q

Symptoms of Poor Dentition

A 
dropping feed
slobbering
head tilt
bad mouth odor
difficulty chewing 
head-tossing
bit chewing
tongue- lolling (rolling)
loss of body condition
large undigested feed particles in manure
tail wringing
bad behavior under saddle
105
Q

Teeth

A 
Incisors: 12
Canines: 0-4 (usually in males)
Wolf: 0-2
Premolar: 12
Molars: 12
Total 36-42
106
Q

Retained Dental caps

A

Retained “baby” teeth

  • may impair eruption of permanent teeth or get infected
  • should be removed
107
Q

Hooks

A

upper jaw lies ahead of lower jaw causing incisors or premolar to form hook
Normal: appear at 7 and 11 years

108
Q

Other incisor problems

A

parrot or monkey mouth

109
Q

Wolf teeth

A

in front of premolars

  • often interferes with bit
  • may be pulled
110
Q

Alignment of grinding teeth

A

sloping up, upper teeth extend further out than lower

111
Q

Enamel points

A

sharp edges on molars
-upper and lower molars do not meet evenly
usually on outside of upper molars and inside of lower molars
can lacerate cheek or tongue

112
Q

Other problems

A

oral ulcers

Wave mouth

113
Q

Wave mouth

A

uneven molar height caused by irregular tooth growth

114
Q

Floating

A

process of rasping/filing horses teeth

115
Q

Parasite

A

Small organism that lives on (external) or in (internal) a host organism and derives its food from it

116
Q

Parasitism

A 
an overabundance of parasites
-may lead to
\: poor feed efficiency
\: poor performance
\: possibly death
117
Q

Symptoms of parasitism

A 
poor feed efficiency
loss of appetite
weigh loss, low BCS 
Slow growth
Bull, rough haircoat
Pot bellied
Lethargy or decreased stamina
Tail rubbing and hair loss
Colic
Coughing
Diarrhea
118
Q

Common Parasites for Horses: Internal

A 
Ascarids
Strongyles
Strongyloids Westeri (Threadworms)
Pinworms
Tapeworms
Stomach Worms
Stomach Bots
119
Q

Common Parasites for Horses: External

A 
Ticks
Mites
Lice
Chiggers
Flies
Gnats
Mosquitos
120
Q

Ascarids

A 
Large Roundworms
-Adults 12-15" long
- young horses most susceptible
-Animal resistance can occur
Females can lay up 200,000 eggs/d
-Caused blocked arteries and damage to liver, heart and lungs 
*migrate

2 weeks to be infective

121
Q

Large Strongyles

A

1” long
Reddish in color
Cause internal bleeding, blocked arteries
*migrate through organs

122
Q

Encysted Small Strongyles

A

Encyst in hindgut
-usually erupt during warmer weather
Cause erosion of mucosa
Outnumber large strongyles

ulcerated cecum when they release

123
Q

Strongyloids/Threadworms

A

0.4” long, small
most noted for affecting Foals
Absorbed through skin or ingested by foal through milk
-Cause foal diarrhea and/or allergic skin reaction
Foals can develop immunity

124
Q

Pinworms

A

1.7” long, thin, white, most visible around rectum
Cause tail itching, tail hair loss
(worm lays eggs around rectum)
-causes irritation

125
Q

Tapeworms

A

Long, ribbon-like, flat, segmented
attach to gut wall, especially ileo-cecal valve
-cause irritation and ulceration

lay eggs in segments and then break into segments
forage mites ingest eggs

2-4 months external development

126
Q

Stomach Worms

A

1” long
Attach to stomach wall
cause gastritis and summer sores (larvae are inside sores on outside of body)

fly maggot ingest worm
fly deposits eggs on lips

127
Q

Bot Fly

A

Gastrophilus Spp.
Bot fly lays eggs on horse, swallowed, molt, mature
-many different species
Cause mouth irritation and ulcers, gastritis, gastric blockages, gastric rupture, colic, anemia

lay on lips or cheeck
eggs turn into fly 4-8 weeks

128
Q

Internal parasite managemen

A

Manure management
Fecal Egg counts/ ID
Deworming
Good farm management

129
Q

Manure management

A

Remove egg infested manure from stalls and paddocks daily

  • Store away from horses and water
  • Composting kills parasite eggs and larvae
130
Q

Manure Management: spreading of manure

A

when

  • manure is free of eggs
  • horses are not grazing pasture
  • parasites exposed to extreme climate conditions
131
Q

Fecal Egg ID/Count

A

identifies eggs and number in feces
-Do yourself or send to lab
*tapeworms, encysted small strongyles, and migrating adults may be missed
Used to determine:
-dewormer needed
-worm resistance/ dewormer effectiveness when done 2 weeks post-deworming

132
Q

Strongyles egg

A

Thin outer, bubbly inner

133
Q

Ascarid eggs

A

thicker outer thinner inner

*Round

134
Q

Pinworm eggs

A

blunt end

-football

135
Q

Tapeworm eggs

A

D shaped

136
Q

Anthelmintic

A

drug effective in killing or paralyzing parasite inhibiting its ability to lay eggs

137
Q

Macrocytic Lactone

A

Avermectins (Ivermectin)
-broad spectrum: most widely used and effective
Milbemycin (moxidectin)

Combinations

138
Q

Benzimidazoles

A

Fenbendazole (5 day power pac)
Oxibendazole
Oxfendazole

139
Q

Pyrimidine

A 
Pyrantel pamoate (Strongid paste)
Pyranel tartrate (Strongid daily pellet)
140
Q

Avermectin- Ivermectin

A

Macrocyctic lactone
Highest efficacy against most internal parasites
-includes bots
Does NOT include tapeworms or encysted small stronglyes

141
Q

Moxidectin

A

Macrocyctic lactone
Broad spectrum like ivermectin
Effective agains encysted small strongyles*
Potent

142
Q

Avermectin/Praziquantel Combo

A

Praziquantel is effective agains tapeworms

Most potent combination

143
Q

Benzimidazole: Fenbendazole

A

gets most parasites including
-tapes and small strongyles
Power pac: double dose over 5 days
*Becoming less effective due to resistance

144
Q

Benzimidazole: oxibendazole and oxfendazole

A

broad spectrum
-no bots, tapes or small strongyles
parasites developing a resistance

145
Q

Pyrimidine: Pyrantal Pamoate

A

effective against large strongyles, roundworms, pinworms, small strongyles
: double dose over two days
effective against tapeworms

146
Q

Pyrimidine: Pyrantal tartrate

A

effective against large strongyles, roundworms, pin worms, small strongyles
: pelleted daily dewormer
: recommend avermectin in late fall, early spring

147
Q

Rotational Deworming Example

A

April, october: Benzimidazole
June, December: Ivermectin and moxidectrin
August, february: pyrantel

Rotating class of dewormer every 6-8 weeks

148
Q

General Deworming guidelines

A

deworm new horses while in quarantine or upon return

  • deworm horse 1-2 days prior to moving to new pasture
  • only deworm horses with heavy loads
  • deworm horses at same time
  • be aware of age and weight restrictions
  • foals should be dewormed at 4-5 weeks of age, and then 60 days if needed
  • remove bot eggs with bot block or comb
149
Q

Good Farm Management

A 
Low stocking density
Avoid feeding off of the ground
rotational grazing with livestock
clean facility
compost manure
150
Q

External Parasites

A 
Deer and Horse Flies
Mosquitos
Gnats (no see ems)
Lice
Ticks
Mites
151
Q

External Parasite Control

A 
Fly Masks
Fly Body Suits
Fly (and tick) Repellents
Fly Attractants
Mosquito control 
Lice control

Horse Management (1 decks)

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