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Spine > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

non- structural scoliosis

A

curves change with body position, usually does not have segmental rotation, pain posture, doesn’t want to stand up

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1
Q

structural scoliosis

A

does not change with position, usually has segmental rotation

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2
Q

what type of scoliosis is most common

A

idiopathic

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3
Q

congenital scoliosis is

A

embryological malformation, associated with congenital anomalies of genitourinary system

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4
Q

why does idiopathic scoliosis occur

A

no idea, but 80% have it, if formed young it may resolve itself but as we get older need to keep an eye on it

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5
Q

what is the most common subtype of idiopathic scoliosis

A

adolescent females , right convexity is most common

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6
Q

heuter-volkmann principle

A

has to do with growth plates, tensile forces stimulate bone growth, compressive forces inhibit bone growth, VB wedge deformities

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7
Q

heuter vs wolfs

A

wolf has to do with stress/ bone density, NOT growth plates

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8
Q

neuromuscular scoliosis

A

long C shaped curve

polio, cerebral palsy, trauma, spinal cord tumor

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9
Q

osteoid ostemoa

A

benign bone tumor

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10
Q

scoliosis assessment

A 
in terms of degrees 
0-9: convexity
10-19: mild scoliosis 
20-29: moderate scoliosis
30-39:marked scoliosis
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11
Q

spondylosis

A

morbid state (-osis), very small spurring at anterior VB

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12
Q

spondylolysis

A

very common, many don’t know they have it, break in pars, can be unilateral or bilateral, mainly occurs from repetitive micro trauma aka stress fractures

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13
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

forward slip of VB, one main cause is a pars defects

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14
Q

reterolisthesis

A

backward slip

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15
Q

type 1 spondylolisthesis

A

dysplastic or congenital, spina bifida occulta, increased sacral base angle (41+/-7)

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16
Q

type 2 spondylolisthesis

A

only one that has subtypes, isthmic(lytic), defect in pars, common at L5
type A: stress fracture, most common
type B: elongated, stress fracture heals and becomes longer
type C: acute fracture, least likely, bad trauma

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17
Q

type 3 spondylolisthesis

A

degenerative, no breaks anywhere, facet joint degeneration allows vertebra to slip forward, common at L4

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18
Q

type 4 spondylolisthesis

A

traumatic spondy, fracture on posterior arch, anywhere except pars

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19
Q

type 5 spondylolisthesis

A

pathological, bone tumors-> fracture

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20
Q

type 6 spondylolisthesis

A

latrogenic

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21
Q

Newman or Wiltse classification system

A

type 1-6, based on cause and morphology

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22
Q

Meyerding classification system

A

grades 1-4, endplate of the level below the slip is used as reference point

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23
Q

what do you need for recovery of back muscles

A

proper strength and endurance rehab

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24
Q

what are the muscle groups and where do they go

A

splenius - midline, up and lateral
spinae - parallel to spine
transversospinalis - lateral to midline
segmental - one vertebral segment to the next

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25
Q

what are the 3 segmental muscles

A

interspinalis
intertransversarii
rotatores

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26
Q

interspinalis

A

connects one SP to the next
intersegmental extension
NOT at C1/2

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27
Q

intertransversarii

A

between TP

lateral flexion C1-T1, T10-S1

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28
Q

rotatores

A

from TP to SP base at the level above

segmental rotation

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29
Q

actions of segmental muscles

A

posture and intersegmental stability

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30
Q

transversospinalis muscles (2)

A

semispinalis

multifidus

31
Q

semispinalis

A

divided into 3 groups
thoracics - TP T7-12->upper thoracic and lower cervical SP
cervicis - TP T5-6-> C2-5 SP (thicker than thoracics
capitus - TP T1-6 and C4-7 AP ->between superior and inferior nuchal lines of occiput
action: extension (bilateral), lateral flexion, contralateral rotation

32
Q

multifidus

A

posterior sacrum, PSIS -> SP 2-4 segments above

bilateral extension and rotation to opposite side

33
Q

muscles of erector spinae group (3)

A 
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis 
largest group of back
vertical orientation with bilateral extension and unilateral lateral flexion to ipsilateral side
34
Q

iliocostalis

A

most lateral, 3 groups, bilateral extension, unilateral lateral flexion
lumborum - T/L aponeurosis -> underside of ribs 6-12
does deep inspiration and ipsilateral lateral flexion
thoracis - upper boarder ribs 7-12-> lower boarder ribs 1-6 and C7 TP
cervicis - upper boarder ribs 3-6 -> posterior tubercles C4-6

35
Q

longissimus

A

3 groups, extension and lateral flexion

thoracis: T/L aponeurosis -> ribs 3-12 and thoracic TP
cervicis: T1-4 TP -> C2-6 posterior tubercles
capitus: T1-5 TP and C4-7 articular pillars -> posterior mastoids (turn face ipsilateral)

36
Q

spinalis

A

smallest and most medial group, poorly defined

throacis: T11-12 SP->T4-12 SP
cervicis: C7 SP and lower nuchal ligament
capitus: C4-7 articullar pillars ->between superior and inferior nuchal lines of occiput

37
Q

muscles of splenius group (2)

A

most superficial

splenius cervicis
splenius capitus

38
Q

splenius cervicis

A

T3-6 SP -> C1-3 posterior tubercles
bilateral extension
unilateral rotation of head to ipsilateral side

39
Q

splenius capitis

A

C7-T3 SP and nuchal ligament-> mastoid process/ below superior nuchal line of occiput

40
Q

subocciptal muscles (4)

A 
rectus capitus posterior major 
rectus capitus posterior minor 
oblique capitus inferior 
oblique capitus superior 
connect and move atlas,axis and occiput 
bilateral: extension
unilateral: lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation
41
Q

rectus capitus posterior major

A

triangle shape

C2 SP -> lateral aspect nuchal line

42
Q

rectus capitus posterior minor

A

posterior tubercle C1-> medial aspect of inferiror nuchal line
head extension only , homologous to interspinalis

43
Q

oblique capitus inferior

A

C2 SP-> C1 TP
DOES NOT TOUCH OCCIPUT
head rotation only, laterally

44
Q

oblique capitus superior

A

C1TP-> lateral aspect of occiput between S and I nuchal line

45
Q

what goes through the suboccipital triangle

A

vertebral artery, greater occipital nerve, inferior occipital nerve

46
Q

sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

A

manubrium; medial clavical-> mastoid process

bilateral: head extension and neck flexion
unilateral: contralateral rotation of head

47
Q

torticollis

A

associated with SCM, it spases and cannot straighten neck

48
Q

levator scapula

A

TP of C1 and posterior tubercles C2-4 -> superior angle scapla, medial boarder and spine of scapula

bilateral: neck extension
unilateral: rotates and laterally flex to ipsilateral side or elevates and rotates scapula downward

49
Q

scalenes

A

deep to SCM
anterior, middle and posterior
bilateral : raise 1st and 2nd ribs with FORCED inspiration or neck flexion
unilateral: lateral flexion of neck

50
Q

anterior scalene

A

anterior tubercle of C3-6 TP -> scalene tubercle of 1st rib

51
Q

middle scalene

A

longest scalene
posterior tubercle C3-7 TP and C2 TP -> 1st rib, posterior to anterior scalene
subclavian artery and a portion of the brachial plexus pass between anterior and middle scalene ( thoracic outlet syndrome )

52
Q

posterior scalene

A

smallest and deepest

posterior tubercle C4-6 TP ->2nd rib

53
Q

deep anterior neck muscles (4)

A

longus coli
longus capitis
rectus capitis anterior
rectus capitis lateralis

54
Q

longus coli

A

deepest anterior muscle

upper: TP C2-5 -> anterior tubercle C1
vertical: anterior and lateral surfaces of C5-T2 VB-> anterior surface C2-4 VB
lower: anterior and lateral surface T1-2 VB -> TP C5-6
action: neck flexion

55
Q

HADD

A 
hydroxy apatite crystal deposition disease
don't know why people get it 
longus coli involved
extra stuff up by anterior arch C1
also seen in supraspinatus of shoulder
56
Q

longus capitis

A

anterior tubercle of C6-> basilar portion of occiput

neck and head flexion

57
Q

rectus capitis anterior

A

anterior surface of lateral mass of C1 and root of C1-> basilar portion of occiput
flexion of head

58
Q

rectus capitis lateralis

A

TP C1-> jugular process of occiput

lateral flexion of head to ipsilateral side

59
Q

osteoblasts

A

reside of surface of bone, form new bone, secretes ostoid

60
Q

osteocytes

A

used to bed osteoblasts, became encased in osteoid, communicate through canaliculi, aid in Wolfs law, mature bone

61
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down bone in response to hormone stimulation

regulate serum levels of calcium and phosphorus

62
Q

osteoid

A

made from collagen

63
Q

cortex

A

outer layer of an organ or other structure

64
Q

trabeculae

A

anastomosing bone spicules in cancellous bone which forms mesh work of intercommunicating spaces that are filled with bone marrow

65
Q

wolffs law

A

deposition of bone is directly proportionate to mechanical stress

66
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

secreted by parathyroid gland
influences calcium and phosphorus metabolism and bone formation
if levels are too low then they stimulate osteoclasts to breakdown bone

67
Q

bone mineral density

A

test that measures the density of minerals in your bone

68
Q

homeostasis

A

ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes

69
Q

Quadratus lumborum

A

posterior iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament -> TP of L1-4 and 12 rib

unilateral: ipsilateral lateral flexion when hip is flexed, elevates pelvis on same side when spine is flexed
bilateral: stabilizes spine and assists in expiration and inspiration

70
Q

psoas major

A

TP and lateral VB/ IVD from T12-L5-> lesser trochanter of femur
flex and ext rotation of femur
flexion of lumbar spine
contributes to lordosis

71
Q

psoas minor

A

lateral aspectT12 VB-> iliopectineal eminence
does not cross hip
lumbar flexion

72
Q

iliacus

A

iliac fossa-> lesser trochanter (blends with psoas major )

hip flexion and external rotation

73
Q

fatty degeneration

A

linked to low back pain, muscles conver to fat

74
Q

compartment syndrome

A

acute injury to muscle or muscle sheaths

75
Q

deconditioned back syndrome

A

linked to fatty degeneration

Spine (3 decks)

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