Exam 2 Flashcards
Why is blood glucose control important?
short term problems of uncontrolled blood sugar levels: hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis
longterm problems: damage to the vessels of heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves
What is the negative effect of too little blood glucose?
Hypoglycemia (glucose level below 70); occurs when someone eats too little food, takes too much insulin/diabetes medication or is more physically active that usual
can happen suddenly, or without any warning
Shaking, fast heartbeat, sweating, dizziness, anxiousness, hunger, vision problems are some symptoms
diabetics should always carry a quick acting source of sugar in case they take too much insulin/become hypoglycemic
What is the negative effect of too much blood glucose
Hyperglycemia (glucose levels above 180); occurs when there’s not enough insulin in the body, if you miss taking diabetic medication, eat too much, or don’t get enough exercise
Diabetics are at risk if their diet and activity level is not balanced with food intake
Extreme thirts, frequent urination, dry skin, hunger, blurred vision, dorwsiness, slow healing wounds
stress can increase blood glucose
can result in ketoacidosis (diabetic coma)
WHen blood glucose increases does insulin increase or decrease?
insulin increases when blood sugar is high because the pancreas releases insulin to help cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream to lower blood sugar levels (in healthy, non-diabetics).
In diabetics, insulin injections are needed to absorb the glucose.
What happens to fat uptake in adipose tissue when insulin increases?
there is an increase in fat uptake because the insulin brings sugar out of the bloodstream and into the cells for storage
What happens to fat uptake in adipose tissue when insulin decreases?
there is a decrease in fat uptake because insulin isn’t active and the body will soon start releasing fats as spare blood glucose to get energy to the organs FAST
What happens to fat release when insulin decreases?
fat is released when insulin decreases because the body doesn’t have enough energy to function; fight or flight response with increased epinephrine occurs to process glucose QUICKLY
What happens to fat release when insulin increases?
fat is stored when insulin increases because there’s enough glucose to fulfill the body’s energy requirement
What happens to protein synthesis when blood insulin is high?
High Insulin = High Protein Synthesis
because energy is readily available through glucose, we dont’t need to resort to FFA release
What happens to protein synthesis when blood insulin is low?
Low insulin = High Protein Breakdown
because FFA help with created ATP through glucagon and epinephrine
When does gluconeogenesis occur?
Low blood glucose = gluconeogenesis
occcurs in the liver: synthesized from pyruvate, lactacte, glycerol (non-carb substrates)
Where is glycogen stored?
liver and muscle celss
glycogen is the storage form of glucose
When does glycogenolysis occur?
Converting glycogen into glucose
it occurs in the liver and muscle cells in response to hormonal and neural signals (stimulated by epinephrine and is regulated hormonally by glucagon and insulin)
occurs during periods of fasting and in skeletal muscle during active exercise
What is the effect of epinephrine on blood glucose? on adipose tissue fat release/uptake?
- Epinephrine breaks down glycogen into glucose quickly
- increases liver output for blood glucose
- increases the release of fat from fat stores (spare blood glucose)
- process when glucose is needed QUICKLY
Type I vs Type II diabetes
Type of Disorder
Type I: autoimmune disorder
Type II: Metabolic disorder
Type I vs Type II diabetes
Insulin level
Type I: Hypoinsulinemia
Type II: Hyperinsulinemia
Type I vs Type II diabetes
Age of Onset
Type I: predominantly in youth
Type II: predominantly after age 40
Type I vs Type II diabetes
Genetic Component
Type I: weak
Type II: strong
Type I vs Type II diabetes
Proportion of diabetes patients
Type I: 5-10%
Type II: 90-95%
Type I vs Type II diabetes
Insulin depndence
Type I: permanent
Type II: permanent only in subset of patients
Type I vs Type II diabetes
Insulin Resistance
Type I: low
Type II: High
Type I vs Type II diabetes
Onset
Type I: acute and potentially severe
Type II: Mostly mild, insidious
Type I vs Type II diabetes
Other
Type I: Often normal body weight (or thin/wasted)
Type II: frequently linked to obesity
What happens to the cells responsible for releasing insulin in type I diabetics?
pacreatic beta cells (responsible for releasing insulin) are mistakenly recognized as ‘foreign; by the immune system and are selectively destroyed
these beta cells are erased from the body, and circulating insulin levels in the blood dramatically decrease or disappear.
Insulin injections are necessary to stay alive