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Psychology exam 2 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Perception

A

the process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world

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1
Q

Sensation

A

the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system

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2
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimal amount of energy that can produce a sensation

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3
Q

Pitch

A

the highness or lowness of a soun, as determined by the frequency of the sound waves

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4
Q

Subliminal stimulation

A

sensory stimulation below a persons absolute threshold for concious perception

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5
Q

Difference threshold

A

the minimal difference in intensity required between two sources of energy so that they will be perceived as being different

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6
Q

Weber’s constant

A

the fraction of the intensity y which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived

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7
Q

just noticeable difference

A

the minimal amount by which a source of energy must be increased or decreased that a difference in intensity will be perceived

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8
Q

signal detection theory

A

the view that the perception of sensory stimuli involves the interaction of physical, biological, and psychological factors

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9
Q

feature detectors

A

neurons in the sensory cortex that fire in response to specific features of sensory information such as lines or edges of objects

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10
Q

sensory adaption

A

the processes by which organisms become more sensitive to stimuli that are low in magnitude and less sensitive to stimuli that are constant or ongoing magnitude

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11
Q

sensitization

A

the type of sensory adaption in which we become re sensitive to stimuli that are low in magnitude also called positive adaptation.

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12
Q

desensitization

A

the type of sensory adaptation i which we become less sensitive to constant stimuli also called negative adaptation

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13
Q

visible light

A

the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations

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14
Q

hue

A

the color of light, as determined by its wavelength

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15
Q

cornea

A

transparent tissue forming the outer surface of the eyeball

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16
Q

iris

A

a muscular membrane whose dilation regulates the amount of light that enters the eye

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17
Q

lens

A

a transparent body behind the iris that focuses an image on the retina

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18
Q

retina

A

the area of the inner surface of the eye that contains rods and cones

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19
Q

photoreceptors

A

cells that respond to light

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20
Q

bipolar cells

A

neurons that conduct neural impulses fro rods and cones to ganglion cells

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21
Q

ganglion cells

A

neurons whose axons for the optic nerve

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22
Q

optic nerve

A

the nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye to the brain

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23
Q

rods

A

rod-shaped photoreceptors that are sensitive only to the intensity of light

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24
Q

cones

A

cone-shaped photoreceptors that transmit sensations of color

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25
Q

fovea

A

an area near the center of the retina that is dense with cones and where vision is consequently most acute

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26
Q

blind spot

A

the area of the retina where axons from ganglion cells meet to form the optic nerve

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27
Q

visual acuity

A

Sharpness of vision

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28
Q

Presyobia

A

A condition characterized by brittleness of the lens (old age)

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30
Q

Dark adaption

A

The process of adjusting to conditions of lower lighting by increasing

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31
Q

Define and differentiate between sensation and perception.

A

Stimulation of the senses is an automatic process. It results from sources of energy, like light and sound, or from the presence of chemicals, as in smell and taste. Perception is an active process. Perception may begin with sensation, but it also reflects our experiences and expectations as it makes sense of sensory stimuli.

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32
Q

Identify the parts of the eye; explain the properties of light and the theories of color vision.

A

It is visible light that triggers visual sensations. Yet visible light is just one small part of a spectrum of electromagnetic energy that surrounds us. All forms of electromagnetic energy move in waves, and different kinds of electromagnetic energy have signature wavelengths.In both the eye and a camera, light enters through a narrow opening and is projected onto a sensitive surface. In the eye, the photosensitive surface is called the retina, and information concerning the changing images on the retina is transmitted to the brain.

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33
Q

Describe the organization of visual perception perceptions.

A

Visual perception is the process by which we organize or make sense of the sensory impressions caused by the light that strikes our eyes. The attempt to identify the rules that govern these processes resulted in what are referred to as the laws of perceptual organization: figure-ground perception, and the laws of proximity, similarity, continuity, and common fate.

34
Q

Describe the sense of hearing.

A

Sound, or auditory stimulation, travels through the air like waves. A single cycle of compression and expansion is one wave of sound, which can occur many times in a second. Inside the eardrum, vibrations transmit sound to the inner ear. Vibrations in the cochlea transmit the sound to the auditory nerve.

35
Q

Identify the parts of the ear

A

The ear has three parts: the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The outer ear funnels sound to the eardrum.

36
Q

Describe the chemical senses.

A

In smell and taste, we sample molecules of substances. An odor is a sample of molecules of a substance in the air. Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril. Taste is sensed through taste cells—receptor neurons located on taste buds.

37
Q

Explain the properties of the skin senses and theoretical explanations for pain.

A

The skin senses include touch, pressure, warmth, cold, and pain. Pain results when neurons called nociceptors in the skin are stimulated. The pain message to the brain is initiated by the release of chemicals such as prostaglandins, bradykinin, and P.

38
Q

Describe the kinesthetic and vestibular senses.

A

Kinesthesis and the vestibular sense alert us to our movements and body position without relying on vision. In kinesthesis, sensory information is fed back to the brain from sensory organs in the joints, tendons, and muscles. The vestibular sense makes use of sensory organs located in the semicircular canals and elsewhere in the ears to monitor the body’s motion and position in relation to gravity.

39
Q

Explain why psychologists are skeptical about extrasensory perception.

A

Extrasensory perception (ESP)—also referred to as parapsychological or psi phenomena—refers to the perception of objects or events through means other than the known sensory organs. One method for studying telepathy (direct communication between minds) is the ganzfeld procedure. In all ESP studies, not one person has emerged who can reliably show ESP from one occasion to another and from one researcher to another.

40
Q

complementary

A

Descriptive of colors of the spectrum that when combined produce white or nearly white light

41
Q

afterimage

A

The lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed

42
Q

trichromatic theory

A

The theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cones, some of which respond to red light, some to green, and some to blue

43
Q

opponent-process theory

A

The theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cones, some of which respond to red or green light, some to blue or yellow, and some to the intensity of light

44
Q

trichromat

A

A person with normal color vision

45
Q

monochromat

A

A person who is sensitive to black and white only and hence color-blind

46
Q

dichromat

A

A person who is sensitive to black-white and either red-green or blue-yellow and hence is partially color-blind

47
Q

closure

A

The tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole

48
Q

perceptual organization

A

The tendency to integrate perceptual elements into meaningful patterns

49
Q

proximity

A

Nearness; the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one another

50
Q

similarity

A

The perceptual tendency to group together objects that are similar in appearance

51
Q

continuity

A

The tendency to perceive a series of points or lines as having unity

52
Q

common fate

A

The tendency to perceive elements that move together as belonging together

53
Q

top-down processing

A

The use of contextual information or knowledge of a pattern in order to organize parts of the pattern

54
Q

bottom-up processing

A

The organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize, or form an image of, the pattern they compose

55
Q

illusions

A

Sensations that give rise to misperceptions

56
Q

stroboscopic motion

A

A visual illusion in which the perception of motion is generated by a series of stationary images that are presented in rapid succession

57
Q

monocular cues

A

Stimuli suggestive of depth that can be perceived with only one eye

58
Q

perspective

A

A monocular cue for depth based on the convergence (coming together) of parallel lines as they recede into the distance

59
Q

texture gradient

A

A monocular cue for depth based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher (more detailed) surfaces

60
Q

motion parallax

A

A monocular cue for depth based on the perception that nearby objects appear to move more rapidly in relation to our own motion

61
Q

binocular cues

A

Stimuli suggestive of depth that involve simultaneous perception by both eyes

62
Q

retinal disparity

A

A binocular cue for depth based on the difference in the image cast by an object on the retinas of the eyes as the object moves closer or farther away

63
Q

convergence

A

A binocular cue for depth based on the inward movement of the eyes as they attempt to focus on an object that is drawing nearer

64
Q

size constancy

A

The tendency to perceive an object as being the same size even as the size of its retinal image changes according to the object’s distance

65
Q

color constancy

A

The tendency to perceive an object as being the same color even though lighting conditions change its appearance

66
Q

brightness constancy

A

The tendency to perceive an object as being just as bright even though lighting conditions change its intensity

67
Q

shape constancy

A

The tendency to perceive an object as being the same shape although the retinal image varies in shape as it rotates

68
Q

hertz (Hz)

A

A unit expressing the frequency of sound waves. One hertz equals one cycle per second

69
Q

decibel (dB)

A

A unit expressing the loudness of a sound

70
Q

cochlea

A

The inner ear; the bony tube that contains the basilar membrane and the organ of Corti

71
Q

basilar membrane

A

A membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea

72
Q

organ of Corti

A

The receptor for hearing that lies on the basilar membrane in the cochlea

73
Q

auditory nerve

A

The axon bundle that transmits neural impulses from the organ of Corti to the brain

74
Q

place theory

A

The theory that the pitch of a sound is determined by the section of the basilar membrane that vibrates in response to the sound

75
Q

frequency theory

A

The theory that the pitch of a sound is reflected in the frequency of the neural impulses that are generated in response to the sound

76
Q

flavor

A

A complex quality of food and other substances that is based on their odor, texture, and temperature as well their taste

77
Q

olfactory nerve

A

The nerve that transmits information concerning odors from olfactory receptors to the brain

78
Q

taste cells

A

Receptor cells that are sensitive to taste

79
Q

taste buds

A

The sensory organs for taste; they contain taste cells and are located mostly on the tongue

80
Q

kinesthesis

A

The sense that informs us about the positions and motion of parts of our bodies

81
Q

vestibular sense

A

The sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies’ positions relative to gravity

Psychology exam 2 (1 decks)

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