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Forensic Science > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is blood pattern evidence used for?

A
  • corroborate statements
  • apprehend suspects
  • interrogate suspects
  • reconstruction of scene
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2
Q

strengths/weaknesses of blood pattern evidence

A

only as valid as information available/examiners abilities

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3
Q

history of bloodstain analysis

A 
1895 - Piotrowski
1939 - Balthazard
1955 - Kirk
1971 - MacDonell
2002 - SWGSTAIN
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4
Q

healthy adults contain how much blood?

A

4.5-6.0 liters

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5
Q

spattered blood

A

distribution of bloodstains created when enough force is exerted to overcome surface tension of blood

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6
Q

factors that help to determining mechanism

A
  • quantity
  • force
  • texture
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7
Q

impact spatter patterns (gunshot)

A
  • mist-like

- 1 to 3 mm

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8
Q

satellite spatter patterns

A

smaller drops of blood that have detached from the initial blood drop
-0.1 to 2.0 mm

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9
Q

castoff bloodstain patterns

A

created by subsequent blows to the same area where a wound has occurred and blood has accumulated

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10
Q

expirated bloodstain patterns

A

expelled blood from the nose/mouth

  • vacuoles=air bubbles
  • diluted from spit/snot
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11
Q

transfer bloodstain patterns

A

when a object we with blood contacts a secondary surface

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12
Q

skeletonized

A

center of a dried bloodstain flakes away and leaves a visible outer rim

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13
Q

clotting

A

happens when blood is exposed to a foreign surface

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14
Q

void areas

A

absences of bloodstains

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15
Q

documentation of bloodstains

A
  • more than one medium
  • measure w/in photos
  • size, shape, distribution & pattern
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16
Q

IABPA

A

established in 1983 w/ 800 members

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17
Q

existence of death investigation

A
  • England - before 10th century

- U.S. - 1990’s

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18
Q

1877: Massachusetts

A

replaced coroner with licensed medical examiner

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19
Q

forensic pathology

A

studies diseases, its causes, and its diagnosis

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20
Q

specialized areas of forensic pathology

A
  • anatomic: autopsies/examine tissues

- clinical: manage bodily fluids in labs

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21
Q

WWII

A
  • MEs required to be forensic pathologists

- coroners have forensic pathologists do autopsies

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22
Q

purpose of death investigation

A
  • determine cause/manner
  • help draw conclusions
  • supports conclusions
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23
Q

“injury trumps disease”

A

WRONG

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24
Q

manner of death

A

fashion in which the cause of death came to be

-NASH

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25
Q

order of time of death

A

rigor, livor, algor

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26
Q

rigor mortis

A

stiffening of muscles

-chem reaction of glycogen

27
Q

livor mortis

A

discoloration of the body

-settling of red blood cells

28
Q

algor mortis

A

cooling of the body

29
Q

determining jurisdiction

A

two-pronged test

  • sudden death
  • unexpected
30
Q

reviewing witness statements

A
  • helps determine jurisdiction
  • questions to be answered
  • refutes statements
  • predicts judgment
31
Q

questions answered by scene examination

A
  • post-injury movement
  • time b/w injury/death
  • time of injury/death
  • time of unconsciousness
32
Q

autopsy process

A
  • remove organs (inframammary incision)
  • examine brain
  • weigh/dissect organs
  • police custody
33
Q

toxicologists

A

test:

-blood, urine, bile, portions of internal organs

34
Q

investigation of traumatic death

A
  • NASH
  • mechanical
  • thermal
  • chemical
  • electrical
35
Q

penetrating

A

bullet in, doesn’t come out

36
Q

perforating

A

bullet in and out

37
Q

most common drug seen in forensic practice?

A

ethanol (alcohol)

38
Q

alcohol

A
  • 0.25: coma

- 0.30: deep coma/slow breathing

39
Q

cocaine at high doses

A

seizures, high body temp, quivering of the heart

40
Q

CO poisoning

A
  • death by asphyxiation

- cherry color under skin

41
Q

cyanide poisoning

A
  • almond odor

- CA: death penalty

42
Q

hyperthermia

A

excessive heat

43
Q

hypothermia

A

excessive cold

44
Q

thermal trauma

A

-few demonstrable signs found at autopsy

45
Q

electrical trauma

A
  • low voltage: ventricular fibrillation

- high voltage: tetany (burn)

46
Q

asphyxias (drowning)

A

-conscious: excitation phase
hemorrhage
water in sinuses/brain
hyperinflation

47
Q

asphyxias (strangulation)

A
  • manual: hands/arms
  • ligature: anything around neck

*hyoid bone, cornu, hemorrhage

48
Q

forensic anthropology

A

application of the theory/methods of anthropology to forensic problems

49
Q

tasks of forensic anthropology

A
  • i.d. victim
  • taphonomic assessment
  • provide data regarding death events

involves multidisciplinary team

50
Q

forensic anthropological profession

A

1939: Krogman
1972: AAFS established
1977: ABFA established

51
Q

number of bones in adult/infant body

A

adult - 206

infant - 405

52
Q

benefit of outdoor screens (when recovering remains)

A
  • improve recovery success
  • map a scatter plan
  • document rship b/w body parts/other evidence
53
Q

process of recovering remains

A
  • make grid
  • pics/document before work
  • examine for bugs/plants
  • remove remains gradually/record position
54
Q

taphonomic context

A

immediate environment and surroundings where the body is found

55
Q

taphonomic context aids in

A
  • interpretation of condition of remains
  • estimating postmortem interval
  • location of death
56
Q

taphonomic assessment

A

documentation of the condition of the body

  • stage of decomp
  • amount of scattering
  • drying/bleaching by weather
  • other changes
57
Q

goal of a biological profile

A

describe the individual as to narrow the range of possible identities

58
Q

amount of teeth for child/adult

A

child: 20
adult: 32

59
Q

most reliable indicator of age

A

*pubic symphysis

  • 4th rib
  • cranium
60
Q

goal in estimating population ancestry

A

reduce the possibilities for group membership (age, sex or population)

61
Q

allometry

A

the relation between the size of an organism and the size of any of its parts

62
Q

aid of descriptive characteristics

A
  • medical conditions
  • handedness
  • occupational stress markers
  • congenital anomaly
  • antemortem medical conditions/pathology
63
Q

levels of certainty

A
  • consistency
  • probable
  • beyond a reasonable doubt
64
Q

abbreviated report

A
  • chain of custody
  • taphonomic assessment
  • biological profile
  • i.d. characteristics
  • description of trauma

Forensic Science (1 decks)

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