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ANA 110 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How much of total body weight is blood?

A

8%

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2
Q

How much of plasma is water?

A

90%

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3
Q

Name the four components of the cardiovascular system

A

blood, the heart, vessels, and lymphatics

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4
Q

Connective tissue comprised of plasma and formed elements

A

blood

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5
Q

What are the 5 main functions of blood?

A

→ transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones
→ controls body temp with vasoconstriction/dilation
→ maintains pH balance
→ makes sure all cells get enough fluid
→ removes waste and bad pathogens

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6
Q

Why is pH important?

A

proper pH level are crucial to optimal protein function, it I regulated by bicarbonate proteins. ideal range is 7.35-7.45

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7
Q

What are the physical characteristics of blood?

A

→ more viscous than blood
→ slightly alkaline (basic)
→ about 1 degree warmer than your oral temperature would read
→ 55% plasma, 45% formed elements

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8
Q

Components of plasma?

A

90% water, other 10% mostly:
→ albumins- maintain blood osmotic pressure
→ globulins- antibodies for immunity
→ fibrogens- aid in blood clotting

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9
Q

What makes up the formed elements of blood?

A

99% red blood cells, other 1% is the buffy coat

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10
Q

What makes up the buffy coat?

A

white blood cells (neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils) and platelets

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11
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

The formation of red and white blood cells. The process occurs mostly in red bone marrow (exception: t-lymphocytes mature in the thymus). Hormones like erythropoietins thrombopoietin, and cytokines trigger production

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12
Q

Myeloid stem cells differentiate into…?

A

Red blood cells, platelets, and granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils)

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13
Q

Lymphoid stem cells turn into…?

A

Lymphoblasts that turn into either b-lymphocytes or t-lymphocytes

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14
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Cancer of the white blood cells. Causes an abnormal spike in immature wbc production. This results in a low count of fighting wbc, because the cancerous ones never mature

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15
Q

Red blood cells

A

Main job is to transport hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein that contains iron. Iron makes it possible to transport oxygen. One red blood cell can transport 4 oxygen molecules

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16
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Caused by irregularly shaped red blood cells. This deformity disrupts the flow of blood

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17
Q

What happens to red blood cell?

A

Iron is recycled to be used for blood cell synthesis. Leftover heme is processed by the liver and is secreted into urine and feces (gives them their color)

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18
Q

Hematocrit

A

Refers to the RBC count. Low count= anemia

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19
Q

What is a free moving thrombosis called?

A

Embolus

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20
Q

What is a erythrocyte?

A

Red blood cells

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21
Q

What are the parts of hemoglobin?

A

A protein called globin bound to an iron-containing pigment called heme

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22
Q

True or false: Heme is discarded from the body once the rbc dies

A

False: the iron portion returns to red bone marrow to synthesize new hemoglobin, the other portion is converted to bilirubin and secreted into bile that goes through the intestines

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23
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance that stimulates your body to produce antibodies. This may be bacteria, a virus, or a naturally occurring substance.

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24
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein made by the body’s immune system that detects the presence of an antigen

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25
Q

Suppose a person with A blood receives a transfusion from someone with B blood. Their body rejects the B blood. Why?

A

A person with A blood also has anti-b antibodies. When the body detected the b antigens on the new blood, the natural anti-b bodies attacked it.

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26
Q

When a person rejects blood from a transfusion, this is called _______?

A

An acute hemolytic reaction

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27
Q

What are some symptoms of acute hemolytic reactions?

A

Hypotension, bleeding, fever, increased heart rate, chest pain, and hemoglobinuria and hyper-bilirubonemia

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28
Q

What is the Rh blood group?

A

The presence of an Rh group is represented by a (+) next to the blood type. Someone without the Rh group DOES NOT possess Rh antibodies unless exposed to the antigen (they are not naturally occurring)

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of an Eosinophil?

A
  • B shaped nuclei
  • is a phagocyte
  • produced in high levels in asthmatics and in the event of a parasitic infection
  • GRANULOCYTE
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30
Q

What are the characteristics of a Neutrophil?

A
  • most abundant WBC
  • is a phagocyte
  • lack of them indicates a compromised immune system
  • GRANULOCYTE
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31
Q

What are the characteristics of a basophil?

A

-produced in high levels during an allergic reaction
-produces granules containing things like heparin and
histamine to produce inflammation
-GRANULOCYTE

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of a monocyte?

A
  • “1st responders”
  • can develop into macrophages
  • helps immune system by destroying certain antigens
  • AGRANULOCYTE
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33
Q

What are the characteristics of a lymphocyte?

A
  • travels in lymph
  • they are not phagocytes
  • occur as b- and t-lymphocytes
  • produce antibodies
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34
Q

Where do t-lymphocytes develop and what do they do?

A

They develop in the thymus and fight fungi, viruses, cancer cells, and some bacterias

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35
Q

Where are b-lymphocytes produced and what do they do?

A

B-lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow and produce antibodies effective on bacteria

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36
Q

How do WBC travel to infected sites in the body?

A

They travel to the site via blood cells, then they roll and stick to the vessel wall, then squeeze in between endothelial cells. Afterwards, they re-enter the blood stream(except for lymphocytes)

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37
Q

What is the lifespan of a WBC (also called leukocytes)

A

Most live only a few days; in the event of an infection, only a few hours. Some b and t cells can live months and years

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38
Q

How is WBC count measured?

A

By differential count:

A machine counts how many of each WBC type in the first 100 encountered

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39
Q

What are platelets/thrombocytes?

A

Flakes of megakaryocytes that flow in the blood stream. They are essential for blood clotting, too few and too many are both bad.

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40
Q

How is a blod clot formed?

A

Blood vessel breaks → vasoconstriction → platelets attach to frayed ends on blood vessels → glycoproteins allow platelets to bind to each other, forming the clot

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41
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Accumulation of fatty substances on arterial walls. Makes clots form a lot easier

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42
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Clotting in an unbroken vessel

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43
Q

What threat does an embolus pose?

A

This clot can move through the vessels and block the blood flow to an organ should it get caught in a small vessel. Can lead to stroke, heart attack, kidney failure, and pulmonary embolism.

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44
Q

What comprises the lymphatic system?

A
  • lymph
  • lymph vessels
  • lymphatic tissues (think reticular connective tissue!)
  • red bone marrow, thymus, tonsils, spleen
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45
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system?

A

-drains interstitial fluid and returns proteins to the blood
stream
-transports dietary lipids
-carries out immune responses

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46
Q

What can the innate immune response do?

A

Provides rapid responses to all types of diseases

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47
Q

What does the adaptive immune response do?

A

Develops in response to unfamiliar pathogens. Slowly, it remembers these pathogens to know how to fight it in the future

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48
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

-begin closed-ended in tissue spaces between cells
-unique one-way flow permits interstitial to flow in but
not out

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49
Q

Lacteals

A

Absorb dietary lipids in the small intestines

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50
Q

What are lymphatic trunks?

A

A cluster of lymphatic vessels that dump into one of two lymphatic ducts

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51
Q

What are lymphatic ducts?

A

-Thoracic duct: Main duct, receives lymph from the lower
limbs, abdomen, left neck and head, left arm, and left
chest
-Right lymphatic duct: receives lymph from the right head, neck, arm, and chest

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52
Q

Where do lymphatic ducts drain?

A

Subclavian vein

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53
Q

What is lymph?

A

Forms from excess interstitial fluid, filtered from blood capillaries with only small proteins in it.

54
Q

True or false: lymph flows through the body in the same way that venous blood does

A

True, it relies on skeletal and respiratory pumps

55
Q

Describe the flow of lymph

A

blood capillaries → lymph capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunks, and ducts → venous blood near junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins

56
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

red bone marrow and thymus

57
Q

What does red bone marrow do for the lymphatic system?

A

Stem cells in it produce B and T lymphocytes, B cells mature here as well

58
Q

What does the thymus do for the lymphatic system?

A

T cells mature here, macrophages eat dead cells and debris by phagocytosis

59
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic follicles

60
Q

What do lymph nodes do for the lymphatic system?

A

They sit along lymphatic vessels and function as a filter for foreign substances. Unfiltered lymph enters them through EFFerent vessels and filtered lymph exits through AFFerent vessels

61
Q

What does the spleen do for the lymphatic system?

A

Has white pulp (where b and t cells and macrophages destroy pathogens) and red pulp (where worn out/defective rbc and platelets gather in the fetal stage)

62
Q

What do lymphatic follicles do for the lymphatic system?

A

Secretes mucosa associated with lymphatic tissue throughout the tracts of several organs

63
Q

What makes up the body’s first line of defense against microbes?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, chemicals and fluids (tears, saliva, urine, vaginal secretion, sebum, perspiration), defecation and vomiting, enzymes called lysozymes, and acidity

64
Q

What makes up the body’s second line of defense against pathogens?

A

Natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, fever (caused by the hypothalamus, prevents microbal growth), and antimicrobial proteins

65
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A
  • provides for gas exchange
  • regulates blood pH
  • filters inspired air
  • produces vocal sounds
  • excretes small amounts of water and heat
  • contains receptors for sense of smell
66
Q

The following structures are parts of the ________ respiratory system: nose, pharynx, and associated structures

A

Upper

67
Q

The following structures are part of the__________

respiratory system: larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

A

Lower

68
Q

This zone (nose to terminal bronchioles) warms, moistens, and filters air

A

Conducting Zone

69
Q

This zone (respiratory bronchioles to alveoli) exchanges gas between air and blood

A

Respiratory Zone

70
Q

What does the nasal cavity do?

A

Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air. Contains olfactory epithelium for smelling

71
Q

Describe respiratory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium transport mucus and goblet cells produce it

72
Q

Describe the anatomy of the nasal cavity

A

Vestibule is the cartilaginous part that makes up the nose. The floor is defined by the hard and soft palate. Roof is defined by the ethmoid and sphenoid bones.

73
Q

What do the superior, middle, and inferior conchae do for your nasal cavity?

A

They produce fluid (a quart a day, exactly) containing lysozymes and definsin that protects against pathogens.

74
Q

This structure, posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate, serves as an air passage way and contains your pharyngeal tonsils and the opening to your Eustachian tube (auditory).

A

Nasopharynx

75
Q

This structure, between the soft palate and the epiglottis, serves as an air/food passageway and contains the palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, and the base of the tongue

A

Oropharynx

76
Q

Which tonsil is visible when you open your mouth?

A

Palatine tonsils

77
Q

This structure extends from the epiglottis to the larynx. It serves as an air and food passageway.

A

Laryngopharynx

78
Q

What is tonsillitis? How long does it last?

A

Infection of the tonsils (aka the common cold). Bacterial causes can be treated with antibiotics. Lasts about 3 weeks

79
Q

This structure covers the airway when swallowing, directing food and liquids to the esophagus

A

Epiglottis

80
Q

This structures contains two membrane folds- one that is used to hold breath and one that vibrates to produce vocal sounds

A

Glottis

81
Q

What is an intubation? Why would a patient need one?

A

An intubation is the placement of a flexible plastic pipe into the trachea. Patients with obstructed airways or under anesthesia need them to facilitate breathing

82
Q

The trachea is anterior to the __________

A

Esophagus

83
Q

What does c-shaped cartilage do in the trachea?

A

Provides support to prevent it from collapsing and obstructing the airway

84
Q

What is the trachealis?

A

A smooth elastic muscle that connects to the c-shaped cartilage posteriorly

85
Q

What is the carina?

A

Sits at the inferior end of the trachea. Divides the trachea into the left and right primary bronchus. triggers cough reflex

86
Q

The trachealis is initiated by the ___________ nervous system

A

parasympathetic

87
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

88
Q

True or false: the left primary bronchus sits at a nearly horizontal angle
Why or why not?

A

True. The L primary bronchus must bypass the heart and passes through the aortic arch

89
Q

The right lung has __ lobes and the left lung has __ lobes and a ______ _______.

A

3, 2, cardiac notch

90
Q

Name all parts of the bronchial tree, starting with carina

A

Carina→ primary bronchus → secondary bronchii → tertiary bronchii → interlobular bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs → alveoli

91
Q

The _______ pleura covers the lungs, the _______ pleura covers the thoracic cavity, and in between is filled with ______ _____.

A

Visceral, parietal, serous fluid.

92
Q

How do the pleura aid in respiration? Why is it important?

A

The two pleura act as magnets, they attract and hold to each other, reducing friction and allowing the lungs to expand as much as possible.

93
Q

Gas exchange occurs in the ________

A

Alveoli

94
Q

A lobule contains the alveolar ducts. Each lobule contains 3 vessels:

A

A lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, and a venule.

95
Q

Each alveolar sac is surrounded by what kind of vessel?

A

Pulmonary capillary

96
Q

What kind of epithelium are found in the alveoli?

A

Type I- simple squamous epithelium that defines the membrane
Type II- cuboidal epithelium that secretes oils and provides structural support
Alveolar macrophages- destroys bad particles by phagocytosis

97
Q

How does emphysema hinder the respiratory system?

A

It gradually breaks down the alveoli, limiting gas exchange, hindering ability to exhale carbon dioxide

98
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

How air gets in and out of the lungs

99
Q

External respiration

A

How oxygen diffuses from the lung to the bloodstream and how CO2 diffuses from the bloodstream to the lung

100
Q

Transport of gases

A

How oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried throughout the body

101
Q

Internal respiration

A

How oxygen diffuses to body tissues and how carbon dioxide diffuses into the bloodstream

102
Q

Importance of Henry’s Law?

A

Tells how due to the pressure and solubility of each gas, oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse through tissues and nitrogen can’t.

103
Q

Importance of Fick’s Law?

A

Tells how pressure differences (altitude), surface area (respiratory disease), distance, molecular weight, and solubility affects diffusion.

104
Q

The WBC _______ promotes inflammation and inhibits blood clotting

A

Basophils

105
Q

What is a coagulant?

A

Something that promotes blood clotting, like heparin

106
Q

Out of the 760mmHg of pressure in the air, ____ is oxygen and _____ is carbon dioxide

A

20.9% (159mmHg), 0.04% (0.3mmHg)

107
Q

What is the clinical term for oxygen deprivation?

A

Hypoxia

108
Q

How does air enter the lungs during inspiration?

A

Lung pressure during inhalation is lower than atmospheric pressure, so air from outside wants to flow into the lungs

109
Q

Name the muscles used during natural inspiration

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid

110
Q

Name the muscles used during forced inhalation

A

In addition to the muscles used naturally, pectoralis major and minor.

111
Q

Name the muscles used during forced exhalation

A

Internal and external obliques, internal intercostals, rectal and transverse abdominus

112
Q

What would you find in each intercostal space?

A

Vein, artery, nerve

113
Q

What is an emphysematous bleb?

A

An air bubble in lung tissue

114
Q

If someone is laying down, where would you place a chest tube? Standing up?

A

At rib 5, at rib 8

115
Q

During inspiration, the external intercostals move the ribs ___ and ____.

A

Up and out

116
Q

During expiration, the internal intercostals move the ribs ____ and ____

A

Down and in

117
Q

Almost NO energy in expended for ______ expiration

A

Natural

118
Q

What three factors affect pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • Surface area of alveolar fluid (provides elastic recoil during expiration)
  • Compliance of lung tissue (amount of energy required to stretch the lung)
  • Airway resistance (Walls offer resistance, obstructions)
119
Q

What is the importance of surfactant?

A

It reduces surface tension in alveolar fluid.

120
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

A deficiency in infants that can cause too many alveoli to collapse and therefore requiring much more inhalation.

121
Q

High compliance means lungs ______ _____.

Low compliance means lungs ______ ______.

A

Expand easily, resist expansion

122
Q

How does asthma hinder lung function?

A

Trachealis contracts too much and narrows the airway

123
Q

Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

124
Q

The alveoli do not collapse due to secretion of…?

A

Surfactant (cuboidal cells)

125
Q

During exhalation the pressure in the lungs is ______ than the pressure of the atmosphere.

A

Greater

126
Q

Air molecules enter into the ___ cavity, then into a series of groove-like passageways - the superior, middle, and inferior ___.

A

Nasal, nasal meatus

127
Q

What are the superior and inferior borders of the pharynx?

A

Nasal cavity and esophagus

128
Q

Pitch is controlled by…?

A

Tension of the vocal chords.

129
Q

What are the 3 ways the body can maintain pH levels?

A
  • buffer system (blood)
  • exhalation of CO2 (lungs)
  • excretion of H+ (kidneys)
130
Q

What kinds of food increase acidity? Alkalinity?

A

Alchohol, carbs, simple sugars.

Veggies, spices, fruits

ANA 110 (3 decks)

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