Exam 2 Flashcards
access point
any word or phrase used to obtain info from a retrieval tool or other organized system; in cataloging and indexing access points are specific names, titles and subjects chosen by the cataloger or indexer when creating a surrogate record or metadata to allow for the retrieval of the record.
AACR2r/RDA
Anglo american cataloging rules, 2nd ed revised/Resource description and access–A content standard to being developed to replace aacr2r.
set of rules published in 1978 for producing name and descriptive access points part of surrogate record.
additional access point/added entry
any access point in the metadata record other than the primary access point.–added entries under the heading.
application profile
a document that describes a communities recommended best practices for metadata creation; a formal way to declare which elements from which namespaces are used in particular application or project by a particular community.
Assembly of metadata elements selected from one or more schema and combined in a compound schema
authority control
maintaining consistency in access points
showing relationships among names works and subjects–important for collocation
authority file
a collection of authority records
authority record
a compilation of metadata about a person, family, corporate body, place, work or subject; it includes all the decisions made and all the relationships among variants that have been identified in the process of authority work.
back-of-the-book index
an alphabetical list of entries for the major subjects, authors and works referred to in an information resourc. each entry is accompanied by references or pointers (eg page #s) to the locations in the resource that contain info about that entry. on the wed these are a-z indexes with direct links to entries.
bibliographic control
operations by which recorded info is organized or arranged according to standards.
the process of describing items in the bibliographic univerese, then providing name, titles, and subject access to the descriptions resulting in a record that serves as a surrogate for the actual items of recorded info. biblio control further requires that surrogate records be placed intoi retrieval systems where they act as pointers to actual info resources.
bibliographic record
full descriptive and access info for an info resource; later terms used for info resources are surrogate record and metadata.
BR equivalence relationship
Found in exact copies of the same manifestation of a work including copies, issues, facsimiles, reprints, photocopies, microforms and other such reproductions
BR derivative relationship
found in modifications based on particular manifestations include editions, revisions, adaptations, changes of genre, etc.;
BR descriptive relationships
Found in description, criticisim, evaluation, or review of work; include book reviews annotated editions, critiques.
BR whole-part relationship
found in component part of a larger work on in the relationship between a work and each of its various parts; includes sections of anthologies or collections, articles from journals, maps in atlases
BR accompanying relationship
found in bibliographic manifestations that are created for the purpose of complementing particular works; they can compliment equally or one can be the predominent items includes texts with supplements (like teachers manuals or kits)
BR Sequential relationships
found in bibliographic manifestations that continue or procede other maniestations; include successive titles of a serial, sequels and prequels, parts in a numbered series
BR shared characteristic relationships
found in any works that coincidentally share characteristics in common, such as common authors, titles, subjects, language
book number/book mark
shelf listing device one or more characteristics used to distinguish individual items from all other items having the same class subject etc.
Boolean operators/searching
the terms AND OR and NOT as used to construct search topics through post-coordinate indexing
the process of searching with indv. index terms or keywords that are linked with boolean operators or using a system where operators are implied if not specified.
broad vs. close classification
a method of applying a classification scheme that uses only the main classes and divisions of a scheme and perhaps only one or two levels of subdivision.
VS. classification that uses all the minute subdivisions that are available in particular classification for very specific subjects
call number
a notation on an information resource that matches the same notation on a surrogate record it is the number used to call an item in a closed stack library
Class
a set whose members share a common feature
citation order
the order in which parts of compoud subjects are combined when creating classmark or subject heading
LCSH–When starting with a topical heading
topic (may be sbd. geog)–place–topic–time–form
when starting with place name
place–topic–time–form (last)
class–main class
primary division of classification scheme (based on traditional academic disciplines)
class–subclasses
ordering principles may vary
- -general before specific
- -increasing concreteness
- -chronological
- -evolutionary
- -alphabetical
class–sibling
different but related subclasses under a main class hierarchy.
class mark
part of a call number taken from the classification schedule for the subject covered
classification
the placing of subjects into categories –process of determining where an information resource fits into a given hierarchy and often assigning notation associated with the appropriate level of hierarchy to the information resource an its surrogate.
classification scheme
a specification of a systematic organization of knowledge
classification notation
a code (number letter or symbol with specific order used to signal the arrangement of the schedule and to file items on the shelf.
classification schedule
subject listed systematically showing relationships
hierarchical classification
top down approach, From general to specific
Classes are subdivided to create smaller/ more
specific classes through successive subdivision
enumerative classification
Attempts to assign a designation for every
subject concept required in the system
Main disciplines, subclasses, subdivisions…
Examples:
LCC (more enumerative than hierarchical)
DDC (more hierarchical than enumerative)
analytico-synthetic/faceted classification
“The subject of a document is analyzed into its
constituent parts and the codes for these are
synthesized or joined together to create the
classmark” ~Broughton (2004, p. 33)
Facet
“A fundamental aspect, feature, or characteristics used in
describing a topic, idea, or object”
~Taylor, p. 455.
classificationist
The development of schemes for the systemic
display of all aspect of the various fields of
knowledge
classifier
The art of arranging books or other objects in
conformity with such schemes”
collocation
the bringing together of records and/or info resources that are related in some way (eg same author, same work, same subject)
colon classification
classification scheme devised by SR Ranganathan in the 30s; it was the first fully faceted classification scheme
controlled vocbulary
a list or database of terms in which all terms or phrases representing a concept are brought together. often a preferred term or phrase is designed for use in surrogate records in a retrieval tool. he terms not to be used have referenced from them to the chosen term or phrase
scope note
a statement delimiting the meaning and associative relations of a subject heading, index term, or classification notation
See also note (SA)
provides additional information about relationships with other headings
CV equivalence relationships
USE, UF (USED FOR)
CV hierarchical relationships
BT (Broader Term), NT (Narrower Term)
CV associative relationships
RT (Related Term)
conceptual analysis
an examination of the intellectual or creative contents of an info resource to understand what an item is
crosswalks
visual instruments for showing equivalent values in two or more schemes; for example, a crosswalk could be used to show which element in one metadata standard matches a particular element in another standard or what classification in ddc is equivalent in lcc.
cutter number
a designation that has the purpose of alphabetizing all works that have exactly the same classification notation; named for charles cutter
depth indexing
indexing that extracts all the main concepts dealt with in an info resource-recognizing many subtopics and subthemes
descriptive cataloging
the process of providing the descriptive data and access points (other than subject) for surrogate records that are to be part of a catalog
descriptor
subject concept term, representing a single concept, usually found in a thesauri and used indexes
Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)
Clasification devised by Melvil Dewey in 1876; it devides the world of knowledge hierarchically into 10 divisions which are devided into 10 sections using the ten digits of the arabic numerals. DDC is enumerative but with many faceting capabilities
direct entry
a principle in the formulation of controlled vocabs that stipulates the entry of a concept directly under the term that names it, rather than the subdivision of broader conceptts
document type definition (DTD)
an SGML or XML application; defines the structure of a particular type of document
dublin core
an internationally agreed upon set of elements that can be completed by the creator of an electronic document in order to create a metadata record for the document. 15 elements are broad and generic and therefore can be used to describe a wide range of resources
element
an individual category or field that holds an individual piece of description of an info resource; typical metadata elements include title creator creation date, subject identification
encoding
the setting off of each part of a record so that the part can be displayed in certain positions according to the wishes of those creating the display mechanism so that certain parts of the record can be searchable
entity-relationship model
data analysis method used to describe the requirements and assumptions in the system. these models compromise three components; entities are the things about which info is sought attributes are the data collected about things and relationships provide the structure for relating things within the system. FRBR is based on this type of modeling
exhaustivity
the number of concepts that will be considered in the process of providing subject analysis two basic degree of exhaustivity are depth indexing and summarization
expressive notation/expressiveness
refers to a system of notation in which the symbol reflects the structure of classification
extensibility
the ability to use additional metadata elements and qualifiers to adapt to the specific needs of a community or project
facet
a fundamental aspect or feature or characteristic used in describing a topic, object, or idea, or any of the definable segments that make up a subject
facet indicator
a symbol, letter or number used to signify a facet or category. for example in colon classification a period (full stop) is used to indicate the space facet (geograph. charch.) in classification notation
faceted browsing/navigation
a feature in info systems that allows to searcher to browse retrieved metadata by various categories established in the metadata record such as resource type, date, form, subject, place, etc.
faceted classification
a subject concept arrangement that has small notations standing for subparts of the whole topic, which, when strung together, usually in prescribed sequence, create a complete classification notation for a multipart concept
filing order/shelf order
order which info is resources are arranged. order is not self evident with symbols so you need to specify filing order
fixed vs. relative location
a set place where a physical info resource will always be found or to which it will be returned after having been removed for use
vs
the situation in which an info resource will be or might be in a different place each time it is reshelved because it is shelved in relation to entities already shelved.
folksonomy
the aggregation of the tags created by a large number of individual users
Functional requirements for Authority Data (FRAD)
a conceptual model that describes the need for and the uses of authority controlled data by info professionals and info seekers
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)
a conceptual model (entity-relationship model) that identifies various entities found in the bibliographic universe, attributes associated with those entities, relationships among the entities, uses of bibliographic data by info seekers, and the relationships between the attributes and uses of bibliographic data
FRBR work
vague abstract idea
FRBR expression
realization in the form of a book
FRBR item
multiple copies
FRBR manifetation
the form it takes specifically (edition etc)
heading
an access point printed at the top of a copy of a surrogate record or at the top of a listing of related works in an online retrieval tool
the exact string of characters of the authorized form of an access point as it appears in the authority record.
hierarchy
an arrangement by which categoried are grouped in such a way that a concept (eg class or discipline) is subdivided into subconceptsof an equal level of specificity, each of those subconcepts are further divided in subcategories and so on.
homograph
words that look the same but have very different meanings–in CV use qualifiers to distinguish between terms or choose synonyms as preferred terms
homophone
words that are spelled differently but pronounced the same-
hospitality
the ability to accommodate new classes without changing existing notation–for unassigned you leave gaps or use decimals
MARC components
Field= 020 00 02 $c arlene g taylor
020=field tag 00=two indicators $c=subfield code arlene=subfield
leader (24 characters) at top of record directory (locator) content fields -control fields (00x) # + code field (1xx-8xx)
Markup Language
scheme that allows the tagging and describing of indv. structural elements of text for the purpose of digital storage, appropriate layout, display an retrieval of ind. componants
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
List of terms to be used as controlled vocabulary for subject heading created by national library of med an used by any agency that wishes to provide controlled subject access to surrogate recrds in medicine
MARC non-filing characters
articles @ beginnin of a title such as ‘a’ ‘and’ or ‘the’ including the space that follows
Metadata and the three broad categories
administrative: Mgmt, decision making, record keeping
structural: metadata that indicates how compound objects are structured, provided to support use of objects
descriptive: record of the identifying characteristics of an info resources and analysis of intellectual contents
metadata schema and examples
elements (author)
content (taylor arlene g)
syntax (100 1__taylor arlene g)
examples: bibliographic records: ISBD, AACR2r, MARC archival: DACS, EAD dublin core metadata object description schema
metadata registry
formal system for the documentation of the element sets, descriptions, semantics and syntax of one or more metadata schemas
metalanguage
language for describing markup languages
monograph
complete bibliographic unit of info resource, often a single work, but may also be one work or more than one work issued in successive parts; not intended to be continued indefinitely
namespace
collection of element type and attribute names; collection is identified by a unique name
natural indexing language
uncontrolled indexing language
terms derived from document being indexed (title, table of contents, back of book)
derived term systems: indexing by extraction/derivative indexing
authors language
NISO
National info standards org
corporate body that oversees the creation and approval of standards to be used in info process and american counterpoint to ISO
number building
creation of notation numbers
OCLC
online computer library center– a bibliographic network based in dublin ohio that is largest and most comprehensive in the world
ordering principle
cutter: for scientific subject precedes place, for history and commerce place precedes subject
Kaiser’s systematic indexing:
-concrete–process
“servicing of cars”–> cars–servicing
original order
order in which records in an archival collection were originally kept when they were in active use
Paris Principles
statement of principles agreed upon by attendees at the international conference on cataloging principles in paris 1961–ascertain way library book is specified by a) author and title b) if no author, title alone c) if author and title are inappropriate, suitable title substitute, which works and editions are in library.
post-coordination
assigning a single concept term from controlled vocab to surrogate records so that the searcher of the system is required to coordinate the terms through such techniques as boolean searching. e.g election; statistics; united states
searchers coordinate index terms @ searching stage e.g. search avery using boolean Elections AND statistics AND us
Pre-coordination
assigning of subject terms to surrogate records in such a way that some concepts, subconcepts, place names, time periods, and form concepts are put together in subject strings
-searchers of system do not have to coordinate these particular terms themselves
-elections–united states–statistics
may follow a specific oder as indicated by indexing system
precision
measurement of how many documents are retrieved are relevant
total retrieved
primary access point/main access point/ main entry
access point that is chosen as the main or primary one; often referred to main entry in library world
purposes/objectives of catalog/info retrieval systems
functions: storage, retrieval, display
objects of catalog:
- enable person to find a book by author, title, subject
- show what library has on author, subject
- assist in choice of book as to edition, character
inverted entry
a heading with natural order of words transposed so that it is sorted under a word that normally appears at the end (if you have audiovisual archives, sometimes its filed as archives, audiovisual which makes it easier to classify
qualifier
a refinement to a metadata element to either sharpen the focus of the element or to identify controlled vocab from which the value has been supplied
recall
the measurement of how many of the relevant documents in a system are actually received
total relevant retrieved
—————————————-
total relevant in system
reference (cross reference)
an instruction in a retrieval tool that directs a user to another place in the tool
relevance
a measurement of how pertinent retrieval results are to particular queries or user needs. This concept is defined and calculated quite differently among various info retrieval systems
sears list of subject headings
a controlled vocabularly of terms and phrases that is used mostly in small libraries to provide subject access to info resources available from those libraries
serial
a publication issued in successive parts (regularly or irregularly) that is intended to continue infinitely
series
a group of separate works that are related in subject or form and that are published by the same entity
SGML
Standard Generalized Markup Language
an international standard for document markup for machine readability.
meta-language–flexible /complex
entity:info package/object to be described
element: data element/field/component
attribute: indicates special property of particular element
Shelflist
originally, a list of physical info resources owned by an institution in the order in which they appeared on the shelf of the institution in which they were housed; with the time, the meaning has developed to indicate classification order display of surrogate records for info resources, which now allows for intangible as well as physical info resources
specificity
the level of subject analysis that is addressed by a particular controlled vocabulary (eg LCSH has greater specificity in its established headings than does sears as for example, in the greater depth of subdivisions that are established under main headings by LCSH)
subdivision
a method of precoordinating subject headings by using terms or phrases following main concepts to show special treatment of a subject
terms following heading in a subject heading string
seperated from heading by (–)
subject access
the provision to users of the means of locating info using subject terminology and/or classification notations
subject cataloging
the process of providing subject analysis, including subject headings and classification notations, when creating catalog records for archives, libraries, museums and the like.
subject heading/subject heading list
subject concept term or phrase found in a subject heading list and used in catalog records; sometimes used in indexes
list– a list of authorized controlled vocabulary terms or phrases together with any references. scope notes, and subdivisions associated with each term or phrase.
subject search
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summarization
indexing that identifies only a dominant, overall subject of an info resource, recognizing only concepts embodied in the main theme
surrogate record
a presentation of the characteristics (title, creator, physical description, date of creation, subject etc) of an info resource
synonym
a term with the same meaning as another term; often in controlled vocabularies, used for a term that has nearly the same meaning.
syntax
the arrangement of parts or elements so that they become constituants of a connected or orderly system; metadata syntax is described by its encoding schema (eg MARC, XML) just as a languages syntax is described by grammar.
tagging
a populist approach to subject description. it is a process by which a distributed mass of users applies keywords to various types of web based resources for the purposes of collaborative info organization and retrieval. tagging allows individual users to group similar resources together by using their own terms or labels, with few or no restrictions
thesaurus
a list of authorized controlled vocab terms representing single concepts together with any references, scope notes, and subdivisions associated with each term, and organized so that the relationships between concepts are made explicit
tracing
on printed surrogate records (catalog cards, records in book catalogs) the set of name, title and subject access points, other than the primary access point, that appear at the bottom of the record and are used to “trace” the additional copies of the surrogate record.
uniform title
a title chosen for a work so that all manifestations will be displayed together under the same primary access point and also will be displayed together among all he entries for that access point. uniform titles also are used to distinguish between and among different works that have the same title. the concept is referred to as work/expression name in the new statement of international cataloging principles.
universal bibliographic control (UBC)
the concept that someday it will be possible to have access to surrogate records for all the worlds important info resources
universal decimal classification (UDC)
a classification devised by otlet and lafontaine in the late 1890s. it was originally based on DDC, but has evolved into much more faceted scheme than DDC
work mark
a designation added to a cutter number, in a call number, that usually stands for the first word, not an article, of the title of the entity, but may stand for the other entities, such as the name of a biographee, depending on the circumstances
works of mixed responsibility
different people play different roles (author and illustrator)
worked of shared responsibility
two people contribute the same–play the same roles (authors)
XML
eXtensible Markup Language–a subset of SGML, designed specifically for web documents, that omits some features of SGML and includes a few additional features (eg a method for reading non ASCH text); it allow designers to create their own customized tags, thus overcoming any of the limitations of HTML
HTML
hypertext markup language– a scheme for encoding text,pictures and the like so that they can be displayed using various programs because coding is totally made up of ASCH text
index
a bibliographic tool that provided access to the analyzed contents of info resources (eg articles in a journal, short stories in a collection, papers in a conference proceeding) back of the book indexed provide access to the analyzed contents of one work
indexing
the process of creating surrogate records especially the access points for info resources such as work done in commercial enterprises is often called indexing while similar work for nonprofit agencies is called cataloging.
interoperability
the compatibility of two or more systems such that they can exchange info and data and can use the exchanged info nd data without any special manipuation
ISBD
international standards for bibliographic description
a standard that was designed in he early 70s to facilitate the international exchange of cataloging records by standardizing the elements to be used in the description assigning an order to those elements and specifying a system of symbols to be used in punctuating the elements
ISO
international standards organization–a corporate body that oversees the creation and approval of standards
keyword-searcing
the use of one or more keywords as the intellectual content of a search command
knowledge management
the attempt to capture, evaluate, store, and reuse schemes for organizing info, including classification schemes, categories, authority files, subject headings, thesauri, and ontologies.
known-item search
searching for a specific name, title, or subject within a retrieval tool to retrieve a particular info resource
library of congress classification (LCC)
classification scheme created by the library of congress in the late 1890s it divides the world of knowledge hierarchically into categories using letters of the english alphabet and then arabic numerals for further subdivisions. LCC is basically an enumerative scheme, allowing only a limited amount of faceting
library of congress subject heading LCSH
a list of terms to be used as controlled vocabulary for subject headings created by library of congress and used by any agency that wishes to provide controlled subject access to surrogate records.
LCSH free floating subdivisions
subdivisions that you create
LCSH topical
$x
LCSH geographic
$z (only heading marked with note “may be subd geog)
LCSH chronological
$y often precoordinated list under spec. heading (to 332 bc) or free floating (21st c)
LCSH form
$v abstracts dictionaries periodicals
library of congress authorities
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library of congress rule interpretations
LCRIs a collection of the decisions that have been made by the library of congress cataloging policy and support office as to how catalogers at the library of congress will interpret and apply AACR2r
literary warrant
the concept that new notations are created for a classification scheme and new terms are added to a controlled vocabulary only when information resources actually exist about new concepts
MARC
machine readable cataloging–a standard prescribing codes that precede and identify specific elements of a catalog record, allowing the record to be read by machine and thus to be displayed in a fashion designed to make records intelligible to users
MARC 21
a marc standard agreed upon and adopted by canada and the united states; Marc 21 represents consolidation of USMARC and CAN/MARC, previous national MARC schemes for two countries MARC21 has been adopted by great britain and germany
MARC21 format for authority data
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