exam 2

Question 1

osmosis

Answer 1

water moves through a semipermeable membrane from a area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.

Question 2

osmolality

Answer 2

concentration of solute per kg of water (norm 275-295)

Question 3

osmolarity

Answer 3

concentration of solute per liter of solution

Question 4

hypotonic solution

Answer 4

lower osmolality. 1/2 ns makes plasma less osmolal

solute concentration greater inside cells, so water flows in with an hypotonic solution.

Question 5

hypertonic solution

Answer 5

pull water out of the cells into the vascular space (D5 1/2 NS)

Question 6

diffusion

Answer 6

particles move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration. (until equalized)

Question 7

how much fluid in body?

Answer 7

total body fluid=60% of body weight

Question 8

what are the fluids called surround the cells?

Answer 8

interstitial fluid and plasma (part of blood)

Question 9

starling’s law of capillaries?

Answer 9

net filtration: consist of colloid pressure and hydrostatic pressure: fluid movement into and out of capillaries
and oncotic pressure

Question 10

name the 2 types of fluid losses?

Answer 10

1. kidneys

2. insensible loss: skin, perspirations, lungs, feces.

Question 11

what are ways to balance water in the body:

Answer 11

1. antidiuretic hormone: synthesized by hypothalamus: retains water
2. aldosterone: (produce by adrenal gland): cause kidneys to secrete Na but excret K which makes h20 follow Na =water retention
3. glucocororticoid: cortisol: (adrenal gland): promotes renal retention of sodium, which also leads to water retention.

Question 12

which cardiac hormone is released when atria is stretched by High BP and high blood volume?

Answer 12

ANP (Atrial natriuretic peptide)

Question 13

what can ANP cause?

Answer 13

vasodilation, suppresses renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, decrease ADH release and increase GFR = fluid excretion.

Question 14

what can isotonic solution treat?

Answer 14

isotonic (equal loss of electrolytes and fluid)

hemorrhage, vomiting, burns, diuretics, sweating, fever.

Question 15

what can hypertonic fluids treat?

Answer 15

1. people with inadequate fluid intake
2. diabetes insipidus,
3. prolonged vomiting
4. increase solute intake without increase in fluid as well.

Question 16

what can hypotonic treat?

Answer 16

electroyles are loss, therefore fluid shift to ICF TO COmpensate’

1. chronic illness
2. malnutrion
3. excess hypertonic fluid replacement

Question 17

third spacing

Answer 17

fluid is deposited in extracellular body spaces that don’t normally hole large amounts of fluids.
ex: crush injuries, trauma, sepsis, cancer, intestinal obstruction, starvation, cirrhosis, ascites, heart failure, renal failure, vascular fluid overload

Question 18

s/s fluid overload:

Answer 18

peripheral edema, venous engorgement, s3 heart sounds, spleenomegaly, cyanosis, decrease 02, bounding pulse, pulmonary edema, tachypnea, dyspnea, cough, sob, wet lungs, third spacing, pleura effusion, pericardial effusion, rapid wght gain, hct+bun decreased

Question 19

s/s of hypokalemia

Answer 19

irregular pulse, weak shallow resp, dyspnea, polyuria, anxiety, lethargy, ecg changes, ST segment depression, confusion, leg cramps, decrease peristalisis

Question 20

what are somethings you would check with some with hypokalemia?

Answer 20

bmp/ i&o/ ecg/ fall risk

Question 21

what are some foods high in potassium?

Answer 21

bananas/ cantaloupe/ apricots/ oranges/ rasins/ milk/ legumes/ grains/ vegetables

Question 22

s/s hyperkalemia?

Answer 22

irregular slow HR/ decreased bp/ narrowed peak T waves/ wide QRS complex/ Prolonged PR/ muscle weakness/ twitching cramps

Question 23

what is the tx for hyperkalemia?

Answer 23

kayexalate

Question 24

what are reasons for hypocalcemia?

Answer 24

hypoparathyroidism/ hypomagnesemia/ alkalotic state/ multiple blood transfusion/ pancreatitis/ hyperphosphatemia/ vit d def/ alcholism / gram neg sepsis/ burns/ post menopausal/ thryroidectomy/ crohn’s/ fractures/ osteoposis/ immobility/ diet/ lactose intolerance

Question 25

s/s hypocalcemia

Answer 25

low bp, ecg changes, prolonged qt interval, , laryngeospasm, airway failure, renal failure, tingling, Chvostek sign: twitching of the cheek, trousseaus: spasms of arm when the BP cuff is inflated, hyperactive reflexes, apprehension, convulisoin, hallucinations, diarrhea, crampos, bone fractures, cataracts, dry hair, bleeding bruising,

Question 26

what type of diuretics can decrease the excretion of calcium?

Answer 26

thiazides

Question 27

name some food high in phosphate?

Answer 27

bran/ seeds/ cheese/ nuts/ bacon

Question 28

s/s hypercalcemia?

Answer 28

hypertension, decreased st segment, HA, confusion, dysrhytmias, heart bloc, psychosis, fatigue, DTR decreased, lethargy coma, N/V, polyuria, polydipsia, bone fractures

Question 29

how to treat hypercalcemia?

Answer 29

Medications
Administer intravenous normal saline solution
Administer diuretics: loop
Administer biphosphonates, calcitonin, intravenous plicamycin, glucocorticoids
Decrease ca intake
Maintain hydration
Prednisone will decrease Ca absorption
i/o, ecg
Dialysis

Question 30

why should one take phosphate as prescribed?

Answer 30

risk for kidney stones.

Question 31

s/s hypomagnesemia?

Answer 31

Medications
Administer intravenous normal saline solution
Administer diuretics: loop
Administer biphosphonates, calcitonin, intravenous plicamycin, glucocorticoids
Decrease ca intake
Maintain hydration
Prednisone will decrease Ca absorption
i/o, ecg
Dialysis

Question 32

foods that contain high magnesium?

Answer 32

legumes/ whole grains/ nuts/ dark vegetables/ seafood/ bananas/ oranges/ chocolate