Exam #2 Flashcards
Piaget’s Cognitive Stages
preoperational thought, egocentrism, animism
object permanence
things still exist even though you are not able to see them
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
initiative vs guilt; motor, cognitive, fantasy, imaginative and language activities; mastery in these areas help them feel competent
Ethnocentrism
belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group
Prejudice
generalized negative attitude towards a group
Discrimination
acting on the prejudice
Individual Racism
acts of prejudice, ignorance and hatred
Institutional Racism
policy, practice and laws
Theories of Prejudice
frustration aggression theory- personal unfulfillment are scapegoated to weaker groups
authoritarianism- people who discriminate have a certain personality type, strict rigid and intolerant
Different temperaments of babies
EASY- happy baby, normal sleeping cycle, and calm
SLOW TO WARM UP- very few intense reactions, low activity level, very “boring” babies
DIFFICULT- bad mood, intense reactions, irregular pattern of sleeping and eating, and has difficulty adjusting
Attachment Theories
Bowlby’s attachment theory- the monkeys (mom is not just food but she gives nurturing and soothing vibes to the baby)
Types of Attachment (Ainsworth)
SECURE- baby will explore the room, goes to mom then plays with toys, mom leaves, the baby cries until mom comes back
ANXIOUS- the same but when mom comes back the baby does not stop crying, because it is unsure that the mom will stay or leave again
AVOIDANT- baby does not care if the mom is there or not
Attachment Problems
SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER- the baby never gets over mom leaving (7 yr old crying when mom drops him off)
REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER- inhibited (emotionally withdrawn, does not seek comfort, does not want to be touched); disinhibited (too friendly, poor boundaries, extremely personal)
Failure to Thrive
when children do not gain as much weight as normal children their age; not growing
Telegraphic Communication
(18-24 months) the baby may be able to put a couple words together
Holophrastic Communication
(10-18 months) one word will have many different meanings (baba: milk, blanket, binkie, and mommy)
Stranger Anxiety
(7-12 months) if the baby does not recognize the person that mom is handing them to, they will start to cry
Separation Anxiety
(18-20 months) mom leaves and the baby starts crying
Growth Retardation
the baby is not growing in the mother’s stomach
Meconium
the first bowel movement (the risk is in 41-42 weeks)
Rh incompatibility
the mother’s immune system may form antibodies to fight off the baby
Folic Acid
a vitamin and mineral found in vegetables that allow babies to grow
Best Age for Pregnancy
20’s and younger 30’s
Pregnancy Complications
- vaginal bleeding
- toxemia (high protein)
- eclampsia (the baby makes mom sick)
- fetal growth retardation (the baby isn’t growing)
- low amniotic fluid
- multiple gestation (twins or triplets)
- maternal nutrition ( eating healthy)
Gestation Time
from conception to birth
What problems does maternal stress cause on the pregnancy and the baby?
low birth weight, premature infants, low blood flow to the uterus,
What substances cause mental retardation?
alcohol and seizure medication
How does STD’s during the pregnancy affect the fetus?
the baby could be born HIV positive or it could be born with Gonorrhea.
What is APGAR?
it is the criteria for determining if the baby is healthy or not right after birth (skin color, heart rate, response to stimuli, muscle tone and breathing)
What do the ratings determine for the baby?
the ratings determine whether the baby needs to be looked at or needs the NICU.
What are the stages of labor?
- ephasement- contractions begin
- 10 centimeter dilation; ready to give birth
- delivery of placenta (after birth of baby)
- Recovery (C-section or normal birth)
What is considered a zygote, embryo and a fetus?
ZYGOTE- germinal period (the first 2 weeks)
EMBRYO- 2 to 8 weeks into the pregnancy (this is when you can actually detect the pregnancy in the blood)
FETUS- 8 to 40 weeks
