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Geology 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Layers of the Earth

A

Inner Core, Outer Core, Crust, Mantle,

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2
Q

What is the Inner Core made of?

A

Iron and Nickel, it is solid.

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3
Q

What is the Outer core made of?`

A

Iron and Nickel but it is liquid

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4
Q

What is the Mantle made of?

A

Silicates

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5
Q

What is the substance of the Asthenosphere and what does it enable?

A

Mainly comprised of liquids and it allows the Lithosphere to float and move up top.

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6
Q

What are the two types of Crust?

A

Continental and Oceanic

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7
Q

What is the difference between the Continental and Oceanic crust?

A

The Continental is granitic, about 3.8 billion years old, 30-50 km
The Oceanic is basaltic, 130 million years old, 5-12 km

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8
Q

What is Alfred Wegener remembered for?

A

Came up with the theory of Continental Drift.

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9
Q

What is some evidence that Alfred Wegener had?

A

shape of continents- continental plates come together at the break of the continental shelf most precisely.
rock structures- distinct rocks on both sides of ocean. however not accepted.
fossils- mesosaurs, cynognathus, lystrosaurus, and glossopteris on all southern continents with no mechanism to transport across ocean.
paleoclimate (glaciers)-evidence of extreme changes in climate compared to today. coal deposits in antarctica. evidence from:evaporites, eolian deposits, coral reefs.

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10
Q

Who came up with the theory of Sea Spreading?

A

Harry Hess

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11
Q

What are the sea floor features?

A

Shelf- broad shallow layer, less than 500 meters deep, home to fisheries, snorkling, etc. Along the shoreline
Slope: The slope at the end of a continental shelf that leads down to the deep ocean floor.
Rise: The sloping sea floor that extends from the lower part of the continental slope to the abyssal plain.
Mid-ocean ridge: A 2km high submarine mt. belt that forms along a divergent oceanic plate boundary.
Abyssal plain: Broad relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth at about 4-5 km below sea level.
Trench: A deep longate trail bordering a volcanic arc. A trench defines the trace of a convergent plate boundary (Subduction zone)
Paleomagnetism: The record of ancient magnetism preserved in rock.

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12
Q

What is the Divergent effect, motion, topography, and volcanic activity?

A

Effect: Constructive (Oceanic lithosphere created)
Motion: Spreading
Topography: Ridge/Rift
Volcanic activity: Yes

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13
Q

What is the Convergent effect, motion, topography, and volcanic activity?

A

Effect: Destructive (Oceanic Lithosphere destroyed)
Motion: Subduction
Topography: Trench
Volcanic Activity: Yes

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14
Q

What is the Transform effect, motion, topography, and volcanic activity?

A

Effect: None
Motion: Lateral Sliding
Topography: No Major effect
Volcanic Activity: no

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15
Q

What are three types of Convergent?

A

Oceanic-Oceanic (Island Arc) ex. Japan
Oceanic-Continental (Volcanic Arc) ex. Cascade Ridge
Continent-Continent (Suture Zone)

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16
Q

What is an Earthquake? (Elastic Rebound Theory)

A

vibration of the Earth cause by rupture and sudden movement of rocks that have been strained beyond their elastic limit.

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17
Q

What is the Focus of an Earthquake?

A

Focus = Precise underground spot at which rocks begin to rupture or shift

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18
Q

What is the Epicenter of an Earthquake?

A

Epicenter = Point on surface of earth directly above the focus

19
Q

What are the two kinds of Seismic Waves?

A

Surface Waves

Body Waves: P waves (P for Primary) S waves (S for Secondary)

20
Q

What are the characteristics of Surface waves?

A

They have a side-to-side displacement as well as an up and down motion.

21
Q

What are the characteristics of P waves?

A

P Waves (primary waves)
Travel through solids and liquids
Velocities of 5-15 km/second
Compressional waves

22
Q

What are the characteristics of S waves?

A

S Waves (secondary waves)
Travel through solids only
Velocities of 3-8 km/second
Transverse (shear) waves

23
Q

Characteristics of the Richter Scale

A

Measures the amplitude of seismograph readings
Each point on the Richter scale represents a factor of 10 difference in seismograph intensity
Factor of 30 difference in actual energy released

24
Q

What are the description and magnitudes of an Earthquake on the Richter Scale?

A 
Great		8 or higher	1
Major		7–7.9		18
Destructive	6–6.9		120
Moderate        5–5.9		800
Light		4–4.9		6,200
Minor		3–3.9		49,000
Very minor	2–3			300,000
25
Q

How can you calculate the epicenter of an Earthquake?

A

If we know how fast P and S waves travel through the crust, and we know the time difference between the arrival of the P and S waves at a particular seismic station, we can calculate how far away the focus is from the station.

26
Q

How many seismic stations do you need to calculate the focus of an earthquake and why?

A

You need 3 seismic stations to locate, or triangulate, the focus of an earthquake, because even if you know how far away it is, you don’t know the direction.

27
Q

What do Earthquakes cause?

A
  1. Ground displacement
  2. Ground motion
  3. Ground failure
    - landslide
    - liquifaction
  4. Fire
  5. Tsunamis
28
Q

Where is the discontinuity of the Moho and the Guttenberg?

A

moho: base of crust
Guttenberg: base of mantle

29
Q

What is Deformation?

A

When a rock is subjected to increasing stress.

30
Q

What are the three stages of deformation?

A

Elastic Deformation: the strain is reversible Think of a rubber band.
Ductile Deformation: the strain is irreversible.
Fracture: irreversible strain, the material breaks.
Stress (shear, compressional, tensional)

31
Q

What are the different types of stress response?

A

Brittle: brittle rocks tend to fracture when placed under a high enough stress. Brittle materials have a small or large region of elastic behavior but only a small region of ductile
Elastic: For small differential stresses, less than the yield strength, rock deforms like a spring. It changes shape by a very small amount in response to the stress, but the deformation is not permanent. If the stress could be reversed the rock would return to its original shape.
Plastic: is the ability of a rock layer to bend without breaking

32
Q

What is lava?

A

Magma that reaches the

Earth’s surface.

33
Q

What is magma?

A

A body of molten rock
found at depth, including any
dissolved gases and crystals.

34
Q

What is a Caldera?

A

A large depression created by the collapse of a volcano

35
Q

What is a Cinder Cone?

A

A simple volcano created from blobs of lava ejected from a single vent.

36
Q

What is a shield cone?

A

Created by countless outpourings of fluid lava flows.

37
Q

What is a stratovolcano?

A

Built of layers of lava, ash, and volcanic debris

38
Q

What is a lava dome?

A

mound formed when viscous lava piles up around a vent

39
Q

What are pyroclasts?

A

Fragments blown out by explosive volcanic eruptions and subsequently deposited on ground. Include ash, cinders, lapilli, blocks, bombs, and pumice.

40
Q

what is deformation?

A

When rock or rocks of bodies are subjected to stresses beyond their own strength they change shape mainly through folding and faulting.

41
Q

What is stress?

A

Stress: Force applied to a material that tends to change its
dimensions or volume; force per unit area.

42
Q

What is strain?

A

Strain: The change in shape or orientation that results from
applying stress to a rock body.

43
Q

What are the responses (styles of deformation)?

A 
1.Elastic: rocks deform by flowing;
until stress is  removed.
2. Plastic: rocks deform by flowing; 
they remain deformed after stress is
removed.
3. Brittle: rocks deform by breaking.

Geology 101 (1 decks)

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