Exam #2 Flashcards
PCP
Primary Care Physician
Pneumocystis pneumonia
CMV
Cytomegalovirus
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency virus
RBC
Red blood cell
WBC
White blood cell
Hg, HGB
Hemoglobin
CBC
Complete blood count
Decode: Vasodilator
Vas/o = vessel -dilator = expand
Decode: Erythromycin
Erythr/o = red myc/o = fungi -in = pertaining to
Decode: Vasoconstriction
Vas/o = vessel
- constrict = tighten
- ion = process
Decode: Toxicology
Tox/o = poison -ology = the study of
Decode: Pharmacology
Pharm/a = drug -ology = the study of
Decode: Antihistamine
Anti- = before hist/a= tissue -mine = nitrogen compound
Decode: Narcotics
Narc/o = sleep -ic = pertaining to
Decode: Carcinogen
Carcin/o = cancer -gen = substance that produced
Decode: Chemotherapy
Chem/o = drug -therapy = treatment
Decode: Chemistry
Chem/I = chemical
Decode: Epidermis
Epi- = above
- derm = skin
- is = pertaining to
Decode: Bronchodilator
Bronch/o = bronchial tube -dilator = expand
Decode: Lymphadenopathy
Lymphaden/o = lymph node
- path = disease
- y = process or condition
Decode: Toxoplasmosis
Tox/o = poison
- plasm = formation
- osis = abnormal condition
Decode: Dermis
Derm/o = skin -is = pertaining to
Decode: Pharmacokinetics
Pharm/a = drug kin/e = movement -ic = pertaining to
Pharmacology
The study of preparation, properties, uses, and actions of drugs
Pharmacodynamics
the study of drug effects on the body
Pharmacokinetics
The study of the distribution and removal of drugs in the body over a period of time
Toxicology
The study of harmful chemicals and the effects on the body
Bactericidal
Kills all bacteria
Bacteriostatic
Inhibits bacteria growth
Type A blood contains?
A antigen
anti-B antibody
Which blood type contains A and B antigens & no anti-A or anti-B antibodies?
Type AB
Type B blood contains?
B antigen
anti- A antibody
This type of blood contains NO A or B antigens & both anti- A and anti- B antibodies
Type O
Anisocytosis
-abnormal RBC condition in which cells are UNEQUAL SIZE
Hypochromia
-abnormal RBC condition in which cells have REDUCED COLOR (less hemoglobin)
Poikilocytosis
-abnormal RBC condition in which cells are IRREGULARLY SHAPED
poikil/o = varied, irregular
Spherocytosis
-abnormal RBC condition in which cells are ROUNDED
sphere/o = globe, round
bas/o
base
chrom/o
color
coagul/o
clotting
cyt/o
cell
eosin/o
red, rosy, dawn
erythr/o
red
granul/o
granules
hem/o
hemat/o
blood
hemoglobin/o
hemoglobin
is/o
same, equal
kary/o
nucleus
leuk/o
white
mon/o
one, single
morph/o
shape, form
myel/o
bone marrow
neutr/o
neutral
nucle/o
nucleus
phag/o
eat, swallow
sider/o
iron
thromb/o
clot
-apheresis
removal, carrying away
-blast
immature cell, embryonic
-cytosis
abnormal condition of cells
-emia
blood condition
- globin
- globulin
protein
-lytic
pertaining to destruction
-oid
derived from
-osis
abnormal condition
-penia
deficiency
-phage
eat, swallow
-philia
attraction for (an increase number in cell numbers)
-phoresis
carrying transmission
-poiesis
formation
-stasis
stop, control
What is an anticoagulant substance found in liver cells, blood stream, and tissues?
heparin
What are protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot?
fibrin
Name the plasma protein that is converted to thrombin in the clotting process?
prothrombin
Plasma minus clotting proteins is?
serum
What is the process of clotting called?
coagulation
Name the enzyme that helps convert fibrinogen to fibrin?
thrombin
Decode: Anticoagulant
anti- = before
coagul/o = clotting
-ant = pertaining to
a substance that prevents blood clotting
Decode: Hemoglobinopathy
hemoglobin/o = hemoglobin
-pathy = disease
disease of hemoglobin
Deode: Cytology
cyt/o = cell
-ology = study of
study of cells
Decode: Leukocytopenia
Leuk/o = white
cyt/o = cell
-penia = deficiency
deficiency of WBC
Decode: Morphology
morph/o = shape, form
-ology = study of
study of the shape or form of cells
Decode: Megakaryocyte
mega- = large
kary/o = nucleus
-cyte = cell
cell with a large nucleus
Decode: sideropenia
sider/o = iron
-penia = deficiency
deficiency of iron
Decode: phagocyte
phag/o = eat, swallow
-cyte = cell
cells that eats or swallows other cells
Decode: myeloblast
myel/o = bone marrow
-blast = immature cell, embryonic
immature bone marrow cell
Decode: plateletpheresis
platelet
-pheresis = carrying transmission
separation of platelets from the rest of the blood
Decode: monoblast
mon/o = one, single
-blast = immature cell, embryonic
immature monoctye
Decode: myelopoiesis
myel/o = bone marrow -poiesis = formation
Decode: hemostasis
hem/o = blood
-stasis = stop, control
controlling or stopping the flow of blood
Decode: thrombolytic
thromb/o = clot
-lytic = pertaining to destructon
pertaining to the destruction of clots
Decode: hematopoiesis
hemat/o = blood
-poiesis = formation
formation of blood
Liquid portion of blood
plasma
What is the orange yellow pigment produced from hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed?
Bilirubin
Name the iron containing part of hemoglobin?
Heme
What hormone is secreted by kidneys to stimulate bone marrow to produce RBC?
erythropoietin
Proteins in plasma that are separated into alpha, beta, and gamma types?
Globulins
What is the name of the foreign material that stimulates the production of antibodies?
antigen
What plasma protein maintains the proper amount of water in the blood?
albumin
Proteins made by lymphocytes in response to antigens in the blood?
antibody
What is a thrombocyte that helps blood clot?
platelet
Which leukocyte contains dense reddish granules, associated with allergic reactions?
Eosinophils
Name the leukocyte responsible for releasing histamines and heparin
Basophil
Type of leukocyte that produces anitbodies?
lymphocyte
Which cell in bone marrow that gives rise to different types of blood cells?
hematopoietic stem cell
This phagocyte is a precursor of a macrophage
monocyte
Variation in the size of RBC
anisocytosis
A deficiency in the NUMBER of RBC?
erythrocytopenia
What pertains to reduction of hemoglobin in RBC?
hypochromic
Macrocytosis
increase in numbers of large RBC
Percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
hematocrit
ABMT
autologous bone marrow transplant
*patient serves as his or her own donor for stem cells
diff.
differential count (WBCs)
GVHD
graft versus host disease
*reaction of donor’s cells to recipient’s tissue
EBV
Epstein- Barr virus
PTT
partial thromboplastin time
Test used to follow patients who are using anticoagulants
Name the test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes?
antiglobulin (coombs) test
This test determines the number of clotting cells per mm3 of blood?
platelet count
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
malignant condition of WBCs in which IMMATURE granulocytes predominate
-CHILDREN are affected and onset is SUDDEN
Proteins containing antibodies
immunoglobulins
-IgA, IgE, IgD
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
malignant condition of WBCs in which MATURE lymphocytes predominate in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
- usually seen in ELDERLY patients
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
malignant condition of WBCs in which IMMATURE granulocytes predominate
-normal bone marrow is replaced by myeloblasts (immature bone marrow cells)
Chronic myelogneous leukemia (CML)
malignant condition of WBCs in which both MATURE & IMMATURE are present
-a SLOWLY progressive illness
Palliative
relieving but not curing
Pancytopenia
deficiency of ALL blood cells
What is the separation of blood into its parts
apheresis
Large blue or purplish patches on the skin?
Ecchymoses
What is Bence Jones protein?
Immunoglobulin fragment found in the urine of patients with MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Petechaie
tiny purple or flat red spots on the skin as a result of small hemorrhages
Iron deficiency anemia
lack of iron
-leading to insufficient hemoglobin production
This type of anemia is characterized by an inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the blood stream resulting in reduced mature erythrocytes?
Pernicious anemia
Thalassemia
defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin
-leading to hypochromia
This type of anemia can be described as a lack of development of bone marrow cells CAUSING a lack of ALL types of blood cells
Aplastic anemia
Sickle Cell anemia
abnormal shape of erythrocyte caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin
This is an abnormal condition of EXCESS number of granulocytes (eosinophils and basophils)
Granulocytosis
Excessive deposits of iron in the tissues of the body
Hemochromatosis
Hemophilia
excessive bleeding caused by a HEREDITARY lack of factor VIII & IX necessary for clotting
This condition presents itself with multiple pinpoint hemorrhages due to a deficiency of platelets
(pt. makes antibodies that destroy their own platelets)
Autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura
BMT
bone marrow transplant
CA
cancer
RT
radiation therapy
-method of treating cancer using high energy radiation
Name the surgical procedure in which you remove the entire tumor and regional lymph nodes?
en bloc resection
The assessment of a tumor’s EXTENT OF SPREAD within the body is known as
Grading
What is the transformation of tissue to a different type of tissue?
Metaplasia
Freezing a lesion to kill tumor cells
cryosurgery
What surgical procedure uses a high frequency current to destroy tissue?
fulguration
Burning a lesion to destroy tumor cells
cauterization
What surgical procedure is cutting into a tumor and removing a piece to establish a diagnosis?
incisional biospy
The formation of new blood vessels?
angiogensis
What surgical procedure involves removal of a tumor and a margin of normal tissue for diagnosis and possible cure of small tumors?
excisional biospy
If a tumor requires large does of radiation to kill cells it is
a radioRESISTIVE tumor
The assessment of a tumor’s degree or maturity
staging
The use of two or more drugs to kill tumor cells
combination chemotherapy
Implantation of seeds of radioactive material directly into a tumor is
brachy therapy
What does TNM staging system stand for?
T = size of TUMOR N = lymph NODES involved M = presence of METASTASIS to classify stage of cancer
A change in genetic material
mutation
Anaplasia
loss of differentiation of cells and revision to a more primitive type of cell
Metatasis
when a malignant tumor spreads to a secondary site
Which tumor develops from a dyplastic nevus?
Melanoma (a nevus is a benign pigmented lesion or mole)
Which tumor arises from an organ located in the mediastinum?
thymoma
Which tumor arise from an organ in the RUQ of the abdomen?
hepatoma
-liver tumor
What tumor has types called astrocytoma, ependymoma, and glioblastoma multiforme?
glioma
-brain tumor
Hypernephroma
kidney tumor
-Known as a renal carcinoma
Mutliple myeloma
A malignant tumor of plasma cells in bone marrow
-typically affects the elderly, also affects pts. with AIDS
Which tumor arises from membrane cells surrounding the lungs?
mesothelioma
Which tumor has a type known as Hodgkin disease?
lymphoma
A region of genetic material found in tumor cells and in viruses that cause cancer
Oncogene
Mitosis
replication of cells, two identical cells are produced from a parent cell
An abnormal formation of cells
dysplastic
This type of tumor growth looks like a mushrooming pattern as tumor cells pile on top of eachother
fungating
This describes tumors that grow from large, open spaces filled with fluid
*serous and mucinous tumors are examples of this
Cystic
When tumors are large, soft, and fleshy its called
Medullary
When a tumor appears to have wart like growths its called
verrucous
When a tumor has growths that are projections from a base they are called
polypoid
The method of giving radiation in small, repeated doses
fractionation
Chemotherapy
treatment of cancerous tumors with drugs
Alkylating agents, antimetabolites, hormones, anitbiotics, antimitotics are all types of __________ agents
chemotherapeutic
The technique in which a single large dose of radiation is delivered under 3D guidance to destroy vascular abnormalities and small brain tumors
stereotactic radiosurgery
alveol/o
small sac
cac/o
bad
carcin/o
cancer, cancerous
cauter/o
burn, heat
chem/o
chemical, drug
cry/o
cold
cyst/o
sac of fluid
fibr/o
fibers
follicul/o
small glandular sacs
fung/i
fungus, mushroom
medull/o
soft, inner part
mucos/o
mucous membrane
mut/a
genetic change
mutagen/o
causing genetic change
papill/o
nipple like
onc/o
tumor
pharmac/o
drug
plas/o
formation
ple/o
many more
polyp/o
polyp
radi/o
rays, x-rays
sarc/o
flesh, connective tissue
scirrh/o
hard
xer/o
dry
-blastoma
immature tumor
-genesis
formation
-oma
mass, tumor
- plasia
- plasm
formation, growth
-suppression
to stop
-therapy
treatment
ana-
backward
apo-
off, away
brachy-
short distance
epi-
upon
meta-
beyond, change
prot/o
first
tele-
far
Proton therapy
Technique in which subatomic particles are produced by cyclotron deposit a focused dose at a finite point
immune/o
protection
lymph/o
lymph
lymphaden/o
lymph node
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus gland
tox/o
poison
ana-
again, new
inter-
between
What parts of the body are commonly affected by the AIDS virus?
Brain and spinal cord
Which CNS condition often is seen in AIDS patients?
Inflammation of the brain and membranes around the brain
Aside from delirium, what other psychiatric complications have been reported with AIDS patients?
loss of intellectual abilities
ELISA
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
-test to detect anti-HIV antibodies
What enzyme helps HIV infect new cells
protease
CD4+ T cell counts can be increase by
protease inhibitors
Metastatic carcinoma means
the tumor has spread to a secondary location
Type of lymphoma that affects young adults
Hodgkin disease
What condition may indicate an AIDS virus infection?
fungal infection of the mouth
What is the large lymph vessel that drains lymph from the right upper part of the body?
right lymphatic duct
What is the organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells?
spleen
Adenoids
mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx
Where are inguinal nodes located?
groin area
What is an immune response in which B cells transform into plasma cells and secrete antibodies?
humoral immunity
T cells
are lymphocytes that act on anitgens
formed in the thymus
Where are axillary nodes located?
armpit
What is an immune response in which T cells destroy antigens?
cell-mediated immunity
What cell originates from a B lymphocyte and secretes antibodies?
plasma cell
Name the large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body?
macrophage
Where are cervical nodes located?
neck
A cell that specialized in antigen presentation and destruction of antigens by T cells
dendrite cell
What are lymph nodes located between the space of the lungs called?
mediastinal nodes
What is a splenectomy?
removal of the spleen
What do Helper T cells do?
- aid B cells in recognizing antigens
- also called T4 or CD4+ cell
Inflammation of lymph glands
lymphadenitis
Toxins are
poisons
T cell that inhibits the activity of B lymphocytes?
suppressor T cell
Lymphocytes that directly kill foreign cells are?
cytotoxic T cells
What is enlargement of the spleen called?
splenomegaly
Lymphopoiesis means
formation of lymph
What is a deficiency of lymph cells?
lymphocytopenia
A tumor in the thymus is called
thymoma
Anaphylaxis
- an extraordinary hypersensitivity to a foreign protein
- marked by hypotension, shock, and respiratory distress
Allergen
An antigen capable of causing an allergy
What is the name for the swelling of tissues due to interstitial fluid accumulation?
lymphedema
Removal of a mediastinal organ
thymectomy
What is the malignant tumor of lymph nodes and spleen marked by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cell?
Hodgkin disease
A malignant condition associated with AIDS in which bluish red skin nodules appear
Kaposi sarcoma
What test measure the amount of HIV in blood?
viral load test
Opportunistic infections
are a group of infectious diseases associated with AIDS -CMV -Herpes simplex -Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) -Tuberculosis just to name a few
What test detects anti-HIV antibodies?
ELISA
How does a protease inhibitor work?
Used to treat AIDS, it blocks the production of proteolytic enzyme
Wasting syndrome
weight loss with decreased muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity
HAART
highly active antiretroviral therapy
-uses combinations of drugs to treat AIDS
RT (reverse transcriptase)
after invading helper T cells, HIV releases RT to help grow and multiply inside the cell
RT inhibitor
blocks RT, essentially blocking the growth of HIV
Atopy
a hypersensitive or allergic state with an inherited predisposition
Name the test that separates immunoglobulins?
immunoelectrophoresis
What type of diseases are chronic, disabling diseases caused by abnormal production of antibodies to normal tissue?
Autoimmune diseases
Interstitial fluid
Lies between cells throughout the body
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- a group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue
- ex: follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma
What is the test for human chorionic gonadotropin hormone?
beta-HCG test
*a marker for testicular cancer
Stem cell transplant
blood forming cells are infused intravenously
Name the blood test for carcinoembryonic antigen?
CEA test
Name the protein marker detected in the blood of ovarian cancer patients?
CA-125
What does an estrogen receptor assay test for?
the presence of hormone receptors on breast cancer cells
What does a PSA test look for?
the antigen related to prostate cancer
Exfoliative cytology
cells are scraped off tissue and microscopically examined
The process of visually examining the abdominal cavity?
laparoscopy
aer/o
air
alges/o
sensitivity to pain
bronch/o
bronchial tube
cras/o
mixture
cutane/o
skin
erg/o
work
ethes/o
feeling, sensation
hist/o
tissue
hypn/o
sleep
iatr/o
treatment
lingu/o
tongue
myc/o
mold fungus
narc/o
stupor
or/o
mouth
prurit/o
itching
pyret/o
fever
thec/o
sheath of brain and spinal cord
vas/o
vessel
ven/o
vein
vit/o
life
ana-
upward, excessive, again
anti-
before
contra-
against, opposite
par-
other than, apart from
syn-
together, with
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
IM
intramuscular
IV
intravenous
FDA
food and drug administration
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ex: advil
PDR
physicians’ desk reference
SERM
selective estrogen receptor modulator
ex: Evista- used to treat osteoporosis
SL
sublingual
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
*antidepressant
Antiseptic
an agent that works against INFECTION
Antipruritic
an agent that works against ITCHING
Aerosol
a solution of particles in air
Intracavitary
with in a cavity
Intrathecal
with in a sheath
Name the reference book listing drug products?
Physicians’ desk reference
Synergisms
combination of two drugs is greater than the total effects of each drug by itself
An unexpected effect that may appear in a patient following administration of a drug
Idiosyncrasy
What type of drug is given to patients with Epilepsy?
anticonvulsant
ex: Tegretol and phenytoin
Anaphylactic shock is treated with?
an antihistamine drug
For epigastric discomfort you would take?
antacid
What do progestins treat?
abnormal uterine bleeding caused by hormonal imbalance
ACE inhibitor works to treat
congestive heart failure and hypertension
ex: Vasotec and Zestril
Asthma is treated with
a bronchodilator
Myalgia and neuralgia can be treated with
an analgesic
An anticoagulant is used to treat
a thrombosis and embolism
ex: heparin
Give two examples of antibiotic medications?
- penicillin
- erythromycin
A factor in a patient’s condition that prevents the use of a particular drug is ___________.
contraindication
What type of drug would you used to lower BP and reduce the amount of fluid in the blood?
diuretic
ex: Lasix and Aldactone
Type A blood can receive?
Type A & O blood
Type O blood can receive?
Only type O blood
Type B blood can receive
Type B & O blood
Type AB blood can receive
Type A, B, AB, O blood
