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Physical Geography > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR)

A

10 degrees Celsius per 1000 meters

As parcel rises it expands.

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2
Q

Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate (WALR)

A

5 degrees Celsius per 1000 meters

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3
Q

Cirrus Clouds

A

Thin and wispy

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4
Q

Cumulus Clouds

A

Puffy clouds with flat bottoms and vertical growth

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5
Q

Stratus Clouds

A

Layered, flat “sheets” that cover the whole sky. Usually grey.

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6
Q

Nimbo or Nimbus

A

Precipitation likely

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7
Q

Lenticular Clouds

A

Lens shaped clouds that form when air goes up and over mountains

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8
Q

Types of Precipitation

A

Rain, Sleet, Snow, Freezing Rain, Hail, Graupel (Soft Hail)

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9
Q

Convectional Atmospheric Uplift

A

Warm bubbles of rising air

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10
Q

Orographic Atmospheric Uplift

A

Air that moves up and over mountains

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11
Q

Frontal Atmospheric Uplift

A

Air masses (cold and warm fronts) collide. Warm rises over cold causing long clouds along the boundary.

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12
Q

Convergent Atmospheric Uplift

A

Low pressure centers

(a.k.a. troughs) causing an uplift of air.

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13
Q

Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR)

A

10*c/1000m

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14
Q

Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate (WALR)

A

6*c/1000m

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15
Q

Lifting Condensation Level

A

Air parcel (currently cooling at the DALR) begins to cool at the WALR

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16
Q

Fog

A

Clouds that touch the ground. Surface of air is saturated.

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17
Q

Types of Fog

A

Radiation (cool air trapped at surface)
Advection (warm air flows over cool air)
Sea (Warm sea air is blown to shore)
Evaporation (over a lake or body of water)

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18
Q

Types of Violent Weather

A

Thunderstorms, Derechos (a line of storms caused by continuous winds), Tornadoes, Tropical Cyclones

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19
Q

Eye of the Hurricane

A

The calm region of the hurricane located directly in the middle

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20
Q

Cold Front

A

The boundary of cold air mass particularly following the edge of a low pressure system.

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21
Q

Warm Front

A

A large warm air mass replacing a cold front particularly leading a low pressure system

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22
Q

Occluded Front

A

Warm and moist air trapped by cool air

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23
Q

Stationary Front

A

Collection of air masses but neither is strong enough to replace the other. Clouds, prolonged precipitation

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24
Q

Milankovitch Cycles

A

Cycles of natural climate change controlled by Earth-Sun positions

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25
Q

Eccentricity

A

Earth’s non-circular orbit around the Sun, orbit becomes more circular every 100,000 years

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26
Q

Obliguity

A

Angle of Earth’s axis, varies from 21* to 24.5* over the course of 40,000 years

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27
Q

Precession

A

“Wobble” of Earth towards and away from Sun over 20,000 years

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28
Q

Causes of Climate Change

A

Natural Change - Solar patterns, Plate tectonics, Ocean currents, Earths rotation/ axis
Human Inflicted - CO2 output, cars, factories, etc

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29
Q

Anthropogenic Climate Change

A

Climate change caused by humans (i.e. cars and factories emitting greenhouse gases)

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30
Q

Earth’s Internal Layers

A

Crust, Upper Mantle, Lower Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

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31
Q

Core

A

Inner core: Solid iron and nickel

Outer Core: Liquid iron and nickel

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32
Q

Mantle

A

Lower Mantle: Solid iron, magnesium, and silicon

Upper Mantle: Solid-Plastic-Solid (stretches and flows) iron, magnesium, and silicon

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33
Q

Crust

A

Continental: Felsic (made of Feldspars)
Oceanic: Mafic (made of Magnesium and Iron)

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34
Q

Geologic Times Scale

A

Tells RELATIVE ages of rock, based on fossils, divided into two periods: Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian

35
Q

Pre-Cambrian Period

A

“Before Life”

36
Q

Cambrian Period

A

“Life”

3 periods: Old Life, Middle Life, New Life

37
Q

Old Life (Cambrian Period)

A

Paleozooic, Fish and Plants

38
Q

Middle Life (Cambrian Period)

A

Mesozoic, Dinosaurs

39
Q

New Life (Cambrian Period)

A

Cenozoic, Mammals (The current time period)

40
Q

Elements

A

monoatomic materials. (oxygen and silicon are most common in crust.)

41
Q

Minerals

A

Combination of 2+ elements

42
Q

Rocks

A

Combinaiton of 2+ minerals

43
Q

Igneous Rocks

A

Made of molten magma

44
Q

Sedimentary Rocks

A

Made of fragments of rock and mineral

45
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

Rocks that have been modified due to heat and pressure

46
Q

Intrusive Igneous

A

Solidifies slowly underground, formed of large crystals

47
Q

Extrusive Igneous

A

Solidifies quickly on the surface, formed of microscopic cystals

48
Q

Jointing

A

Fractures in bedrock, formed without movement

49
Q

Exfoliation

A

Outer layers of rock “peel” away releasing pressure

50
Q

Types of sedimentary rocks

A

Clastic, Chemically Precipitated, Organic

51
Q

Global Warming

A

Increase in global temperature. It is important because of HOW FAST it is increasing.

52
Q

Continental Shields

A

Large, stable, low-relief exspanses of land

53
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

Formation, movementand destruction of lithospheric plates

54
Q

Divergent Plate Boundary

A

Plates move away from eachother and new crust comes to the surface. Mainly Oceanic Crust.

55
Q

Convergent Plate Boundary

A

Subduction occurs.One plate goes under the other and is recycled/destroyed

56
Q

Transform Plate Boundary

A

Plates slide past eachother side to side

57
Q

Isostasy

A

Balance of earth’s crust on the asthenosphere below

58
Q

Folding

A

Crust is folded
Downward: Syncline
Upward: Anticline

59
Q

Normal Fault

A

Formed by tension. Has a huge cliff called a scarp

60
Q

Reverse Fault

A

Formed by compression

61
Q

Strike-Slip Fault

A

Fault that breaks along each other. Parallel to each other. “Shear”

62
Q

Earthquake

A

Release of energy (seismic waves) below the crust causing movement above. Measured by Magnitude with a Seismograph. Epicenter and Focus

63
Q

Lithosphere

A

Ridged outer part of the earth. The Crust and the Upper Mantle. (The Asthenosphere)

64
Q

Magma and Lava

A

Molten material. Magma=underground, lava=above/on the surface

65
Q

2 Types of Eruptions

A

Explosive (self-explanatory) and Effusive (Lava Flow)

66
Q

Activity States of Volcanoes

A

Dormant (no evidence of eruption shows recent activity)
Active (eruption in recorded history and might erupt)
Extinct (No signs of activity)

67
Q

Viscosity

A

A.K.A. Liquidity

Property of magma. Low = explosive, High=effusive.

68
Q

Volcanic Landforms

A

Calderas, Composite Volcanoes, Lahar

69
Q

Pyroclastic Flow

A

Hot ash, rock fragments, gasses, etc. that are shot out of volcanoes

70
Q

Types of Weathering

A

Physical (frost action, salt crystal growth, pressure release)
Chemical (hydration, oxidation, dissolution of carbonates)

71
Q

Mass Wasting

A

Downslope movement of material DUE TO GRAVITY

72
Q

Types of Mass Wasting

A

Creep, Flow, Solifluction, Slides and Glides, Rock Fall, Talus Slopes, Scarification

73
Q

Fluvial (Water) Transportation

A

Dissolved (particles are dissolved in river water), Suspended (particles float), Bed (particles roll, slide or bounce(saltation) aong the bedrock)

74
Q

Stream Piracy

A

One “absorbs” another

75
Q

Drainage Patterns

A

Radial, Annular, Trellis,Rectangular, Dendritic

76
Q

Delta

A

Where the mouth of a river meets an ocean

77
Q

Groundwater Zones

A

Vadose Zone-Water filters through
Water Table-Where water is level
Saturated Zone-Water stays here

78
Q

Types of Erosion by River

A

Hydraulic Action (breaking and moving), Abrasion (moving and rubbing,”sandpaper effecct”), Corrosion (minerals and rocks dissolved)

79
Q

Aeolian (Wind) Transportation

A

Suspension, Saltation, Surface Creep

80
Q

Loess

A

Silt, Dust from China and Glaciers,

Important for agriculture due to the lack of rocks and it holds nutrients and water better than most substances.

81
Q

Alluvial Fan

A

Series of layers of rock and materials of different sizes. forms fan shape because temporary streams caused by rain moves the meterail in different directions

82
Q

Spring (Neap) Tide

A

Happens twice a month, tidal range is the highest

83
Q

Wave Properties

A

Height (crest to trough), Wavelength (crest to crest or trough to trough), Wave Period (time it takes for two crests in a row to cross a point)

84
Q

Wave Refraction

A

Bending of waves, moves objects along the shore (longshore drift)

Physical Geography (2 decks)

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