Exam 2

Question 1

precipitation

Answer 1

unlabeled assay that involves a soluble antigen with a soluble antibody that produces an insoluble visible complex

Question 2

agglutination

Answer 2

unlabeled assay that involves specific antigens that aggregate together to form larger visible complexes when a specific antibody is present.

Question 3

prezone

Answer 3

too much antibody

Question 4

post zone

Answer 4

too little antibody

Question 5

ouchterlony immunodiffusion

Answer 5

-tests if antibody response develops

• identical = bell curve
• non-identical = two straight lines intersecting at top
• partially identical = one straight line and one curved line

Question 6

radial immunodiffusion

Answer 6

antibody is distributed throughout gel and different antigens are put in separate wells..measure for zone of equivalence

Question 7

two steps in agglutination are?

Answer 7

1. sensitization- initial ab-ag binding (not visible)

2. lattice formation/cross-linking- intermolecular ag-ab binding (visible)

Question 8

most effect Ig for agglutination?

Answer 8

IgM

Question 9

direct agglutination

Answer 9

antigen is naturally part of particle. tests for unknown antibody.

Example: ABO blood group typing

Question 10

passive agglutination

Answer 10

aka indirect.

antigen is not normally part of particle so it is bound to an inert particle like latex beads to detect pt antibody.

example: syphillis RPR

Question 11

reverse passive agglutination

Answer 11

antibody is attached to carrier particle. tests for pt antigen

example: strep test

Question 12

agglutination inhibition

Answer 12

based on competition between antibody and antigen. tests for antigen.

no agglutination = positive reaction

example: illicit drug tests

Question 13

electrophoresis

Answer 13

separates serum proteins by their shape, size, and electrical charge

Question 14

IFE

Answer 14

???? look up

Question 15

direct

Answer 15

reagent is directly attached to the label.

antibody reagent has specificity for certain antigen

Question 16

indirect

Answer 16

reagent is indirectly bonded to label (anti-human Ig is usually middle component)

more sensitive but takes longer

doesn’t have specificity for antigen

Question 17

Sandwich/Capture

Answer 17

ELISA

capture antibody will bind with pt’s antigen. then an enzyme-tagged detection antibody will create a read out via color change.

Question 18

common enzymes

Answer 18

horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
alkalkine phosphatase (AP)

Question 19

common substrates

Answer 19

TMP for HRP

p-nitrophenol for AP

Question 20

colloidal/rapid assay

Answer 20

indirect labeled assay where the reactant is an antibody labeled with gold particles.

test strip 1st, control strip 2nd.

example: pregnancy tests

Question 21

fluorescence polarization

Answer 21

antigen is fluorescently labeled and placed in urine with potential antigen..if antigen is not present, the polarization of light will be consistent due to identical binding. if antigen is present, the polarization of light will vary dues to both labeled antigen and non-labeled antigen binding (drug screens)

Question 22

fluorescence emission

Answer 22

molecule absorbs light then becomes activated.

after it reaches it’s grow state it will emit the energy in the form of light at different wavelengths.

Question 23

Heterogenous assays

Answer 23

• multiple steps with washing to remove unbound ag/ab
• more sensitive
• ELISAs/indirect assays

Question 24

Homogeneous assays

Answer 24

one step with no washing

• not as sensitive but faster
• fluorescence/polarization/agglutination/precipitation

Question 25

Immunoblotting

Answer 25

indirect labeled assay that confirms HIV**

detects proteins in a sample or antibodies in plasma

Question 26

Immunohistochemistry

Answer 26

indirect enzyme assay that detects antigens directly in tissues using reagent antibodies

Question 27

S. pyogenes

Answer 27

• protein B, streptolysin O, exotoxins, DNAse B
• exotoxin A1 = superantigen (leads to toxic shock syndrome)
• detect certain carbs for Strep test
• Rheumatic fever is a host antibody response to the infection
• Glomerulonephritis caused by activation of complement

Question 28

Helicobacter

Answer 28

Stool testing/urea breath test

Question 29

T. pallidum

Answer 29

• syphillus
• can be detected with dark field microscopy in primary legions
• Non-treponemal (VDRL & RPR): detect antibodies produced against the lipid cardiolipin
• Treponemal (enzyme assays): looks for the presence of IgG and IgM against the bacteria itself

Question 30

VDRL/RPR

Answer 30

• detects cardiolipin

- lecithin coated onto charcoal/bovine heart extract..rock and look for reaction

Question 31

TB

Answer 31

phagocytksed by APC and presented on class II MHC. CD4 T cells are activated.

Question 32

Mantoux TB test

Answer 32

inject mycobacterium antigen and look for swelling.

limitations: lots of false positives, can’t do if had vaccine, can’t distinguish current from past infection

Question 33

Quantiferon

Answer 33

collect 3 tubes..one with nothing in it except pt blood (neg control), one with a non-specific T cell (positive control), and one with tb antigen (test)

Question 34

populations susceptible to fungal/parasitic infections

Answer 34

immunocompromised (HIV)
campers (impure water)
animal lovers (dog/cat(
sexually active

Question 35

most common US parasite infection

Answer 35

trichomonas (STD)

Question 36

most common parasite infection worldwide

Answer 36

malaria

Question 37

toxoplasmosis

Answer 37

can cause blindness.

cats..gross

Question 38

Giardia/Cryptosporidium

Answer 38

contaminated water/food