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Cultural Geography > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is language?

A

A system of communication based on symbols that have agreed upon meanings

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2
Q

Language and Globalization

A

Globalization depends on communication

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3
Q

Language and Culture

A

Language is a key component of culture, both facilitating communication and also causing misunderstanding between peoples

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4
Q

Dialects

A

a particular variety of language characterized by distinctive vocabulary, grammar and/or pronunciation.

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5
Q

What does language express?

A

Many different forms of thought

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6
Q

Language Strategies

A

Many languages have strategies that have developed over many years, including; grammar, vocabularies and distinctive forms of pronunciation.

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7
Q

Social factors that influence language… Name an example

A

Japan introduced words for fork and coffee when those items were introduced into their society

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8
Q

Several aspects of non-spoken language

A

Some languages were passed down orally but never written down

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9
Q

Sign Language

A

Sign language is based upon body language, specifically hand movements. There is no universal sign language, it varies from place to place.

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10
Q

Body Language

A

A communication system based on gestures, facial expressions, and other body movements. Body language does not make up a fully developed system of communication.

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11
Q

Tactile Language

A

A non-spoken language. Braille is the most common. (what blind people use)

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12
Q

Natural Languages

A

They have emerged and evolved within living and historic communities.

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13
Q

Artificial Languages

A

Intentionally created for international communication or fictional purposes. Some artificial languages were designed so that a universal language could be created.

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14
Q

Esperanto

A

Created to serve as an universal language for all of humanity. Around 2 million people can speak Esperanto.

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15
Q

How many languages are in the world?

A

6,900

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16
Q

Small Languages vs. Large Languages

A

There are a lot of small languages but very few large languages

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17
Q

When did language originate?

A

30,000 years ago, but maybe earlier. We are not definitely sure.

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18
Q

How have we gained information on the origins of language?

A

Mainly, historic texts and artifacts.

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19
Q

What is a language family? How many are there?

A

A collection of languages that share a common but distant ancestor. There are 90 families, but only six major ones.

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20
Q

Most people speak a language from what family?

A

Indo- European language family

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21
Q

Hearth

A

A place or region where an innovation, idea, belief or cultural practice begins.

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22
Q

Where are language hearths?

A

The rise of agriculture and the subsequent spread of farming populations.

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23
Q

Origin of language in relation to agriculture

A

This may have occurred through absorption by intermarriage and language replacement of the farming population

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24
Q

2 examples of agriculture helping the spread of language

A

Intermarriage and Formed sociopolitical unions.

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25
Q

6 major language families and 2 examples

A

Indo-European; English & Hindi. Sino-Tibetan; Mandarin Chinese, Burmese. Afro-Asiatic; Arabic, Hebrew. Niger-Congo; Yoruba, Zulu. Austronesian; Tagalog, Bahasa Indonesia. Trans-New Guinea; Tetum.

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26
Q

Indo-European family & tree

A

The romance languages, derived from Latin. The Roman Empire helped spread Latin. The British Empire helped spread English.

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27
Q

Language Classification

A

comparing vocabularies, in terms of sounds and meanings

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28
Q

What facilitates language? (Historically and Today)

A

Historically: ships and railroads helped diffusion Today: Technology, popular culture, political, economic and education.

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29
Q

Language Dominance

A

A language that takes dominance over others, in terms of what is used the most throughout the nation?

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30
Q

Lingua Franca

A

A language that is used to facilitate trade or business between people who speak different languages. English is this on a global scale.

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31
Q

Stateless Language

A

Not used in government, typically not taught in school

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32
Q

Official Language

A

a country formally designates, for use in politics, legal and administrative affairs.

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33
Q

Language in the UN

A

The UN recognizes 6 languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic and Chinese

34
Q

Language in the EU

A

Recognizes 23 languages, EU documents must be produced in each.

35
Q

Language Change

A

Overtime, new technology can spawn new vocabularies. New vocabularies are formed when words are borrowed. Human migration also impacts language.

36
Q

Pidgin Language

A

A language that combines vocabulary, grammatical practices, from two or more languages that have come into contact. Typically limited.

37
Q

Creole Language

A

A language that develops from a pidgin language and is taught as a first language. Hawaiian is a creole language.

38
Q

Linguistic Diversity

A

The assortment of languages in a particular area.

39
Q

Endangered Language

A

A language that is no longer taught to children by their parents and is not used for everyday conversation.

40
Q

Extinct language

A

A language that has no living speakers; also called a dead language. Ex. Latin

41
Q

LDI

A

Linguistic Diversity Index; A measure that expresses the likelihood that two randomly selected individuals in a country speak different first languages.

42
Q

Isogloss

A

A line that marks a boundary of work usage.

43
Q

African American language/Latino language

A

African American language emerged in the south, due to slavery. Latino language diffused due to immigration.

44
Q

Toponyms

A

A place-name ; Names given to places can make powerful statements.

45
Q

Religion

A

A system of beliefs and practices. It helps people make sense of the universe and their lives.

46
Q

3 forms of Religion

A

Monotheisitic, Polytheistic and Atheistic

47
Q

Cosmography

A

Explanation for the beginning of the world

48
Q

Cosmogonie

A

Influence peoples sense of belonging and attachment to place. (influence sense of belonging)

49
Q

Animistic Religions

A

May incorporate veneration of spirits or deities associated

50
Q

Syncretic Religion

A

A blending of beliefs and practices, usually this is a result of contact between people. Ex; Santeria in Cuba and Candomble in Brazil

51
Q

Universalizing Religion

A

A belief system that is worldwide in scope (Christianity)

52
Q

Ethnic Religion

A

Largely confined to the members of a single ethnic group. Membership by birth, usually do not use missionaries to increase numbers.

53
Q

Association with religion

A

Code of behavior, Morals and Ethics

54
Q

Ritual

A

Behavior, often regularly practiced, that has personal and symbolic meaning.. such a prayer, maintenance of dress code and sacrificing animals.

55
Q

Piety

A

To be deeply devoted to religion

56
Q

Civil Religion

A

When religious notions, symbols and rituals infuse with political culture. Ex. Great Seal of the United States

57
Q

Abrahamic Faiths

A

Christianity, Judaism, Islam

58
Q

Vedic Faiths

A

Hinduism and Buddhism

59
Q

Sikhism

A

Draws from both Islam and Hinduism

60
Q

Judaism

A

13 million people, world wide. Only country in which a majority of the population is Jewish. Largest number of Jews reside in Israel and the United States. Abraham is considered the patriarch. Monotheistic. Holy Book = Torah. Moses led the Jews out of slavery in Egypt, called the Exodus.

61
Q

Christianity

A

The largest religion, 2.3 billion. Promises forgiveness for one’s sins and eternal life in heaven. Most Christians share a belief in the Trinity. Holy Book = Bible. 16th C. Western Christianity was split by the Protestant Reformation.

62
Q

Islam

A

Second largest religion with more than 1/5 of the wolds population being Muslims. Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world. Muhammad was the founder. Holy Book= Qur’an. 2 main branches: Sunnis (80%) and Shiites (15%)

63
Q

Hinduism

A

Santana dharma (eternal truth). Hindu and Hinduism came to be used by outsiders to refer to the people and their religions. They view existence as cyclical: Souls are immortal and subject to reincarnation. Reincarnation brings spiritual suffering and is controlled by Karma.

64
Q

Buddhism

A

Founder- Siddhartha Gautama, who when attained enlightenment transformed into Buddha. Nirvana, the ultimate goal is moksha (release from the cycle) 3 branches: Theravada, Mahayana and Tantrayana.

65
Q

Sikhism

A

23 million people, smallest of the major universalizing religions. Guru- inspired religious teacher. Sikh- disciple
Guru Nanak founded this religion.

66
Q

Primary hearth

A

New Religions are born

67
Q

Secondary Hearth

A

Where a religion splinters into branches

68
Q

Semitic heart

A

The region historically known as Palestine, is the hearth of Judaism.

69
Q

Indic Hearth

A

Not precisely known.

70
Q

Diaspora

A

The scattering of a people through forced migration

71
Q

Sacred Space

A

Space that has special religious significance and meaning that makes it worthy of reverence or devotion

72
Q

Sanctification

A

The process by which an area or space or building becomes sacred.

73
Q

Pilgrimage

A

A journey to a sacred place for religious reasons

74
Q

Modernism

A

An intellectual movement that encourages scientific thought, and expansion of knowledge.

75
Q

Secularization

A

A process that can reduce the scope or influence of religion

76
Q

Pope Pius X

A

Condemned modernism because it challenged Catholic beliefs: such as the authority of the Bible.

77
Q

Caste System

A

Hinduism - a system of classes

78
Q

Religious Fundamentalism

A

An interpretation if the principles of a faith in a way that it comes to shape all aspects of personal and public life.

79
Q

Geopiety

A

Religious-like reverence that people can develop for the Earth

80
Q

Religious Ecology

A

An awareness of the interdependency between people and nature.

81
Q

Environmental Stewardship

A

A Christian emphasis, that they should be responsible managers of the Earth.

Cultural Geography (1 decks)

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