Exam 2 Flashcards
0
Q
Cephalocaudal pattern of growth
A
most growth starts in the head and works its way down (top-down growth)
1
Q
Size proportion of head to body
A
In utero: ratio of head to brain= 50/50
3
Q
Frontal lobe functions
A
Voluntary movement, thinking, personality
If injured people become impulsive
4
Q
Parietal lobe functions
A
Spatial location, Attention, and motor control
5
Q
Temporal lobe functions
A
Hearing, memory, language
5
Q
Gender differences in occipital lobe
A
- young girls have nearsightedness more often
- color blindness occurs more in men
- red and green colorblindness happens in men only, x linked
- Women who have different shades of red on each x chromosome have extremely better vision for color
6
Q
Occipital lobe function
A
Vision
8
Q
Amygdala function
A
emotion
8
Q
Ways we can study nerual development
A
EEG
NIRS
MEG
9
Q
Hippocampus functions
A
Memory and emotion
10
Q
Prosopagnosia
A
face blindness
caused by lesion to hipposcampus
11
Q
NIRS
A
near infra red spectroscopy
use lasers and light into the head to see how much activity is going on in the brain
12
Q
MEG
A
Magnetoencephalography: uses an array of highly sensitive sensors to detect and record the magnetic fields associated with electrical activity in the brain. can be used to detect epileptic activity in the brain
looks at language perception
13
Q
EEG
A
electroencephalogram: test used to detect abnormalities related to electrical activity of the brain. This procedure tracks and records brain wave patterns
14
Q
When does dendritic spreading occur
A
first two years of life
15
Q
what happens in brain growth for children between 3-6
A
no filters
growth in frontal lobe causes maturation
-Children are more impulsive
16
Q
Greatest growth in children’s brain occurs when
A
3-15 years
18
Q
What part of the brain changes the most from age 6-puberty?
A
The Temporal and Parietal Lobes
19
Q
What does the Neuroconstructivist View state? (3)
A
- Biological processes and environmental conditions influence development
- Brain has plasticity and is context dependent
- Brain development is closely linked with cognitive development
20
Q
What does the quote “Organized in Advance of Experience” imply? Who said it?
A
- Our brains are amazing, but experience is important
- Gary Marcus
21
Q
How do nurturing environments help children? (3)
A
- Promote healthy brain activity
- Provide experience
- Activates the senses
22
Q
What are 5 adverse experiences that can significantly impact children?
A
- Maternal Depression
- Underdevelopment
- Abuse
- Neglect
- Institutionalization without Stimulus
23
Q
What happened during the still face experiment?
A
After a mom interacted with her baby, she stopped responding and the baby became very distressed
24
Q
What did Rene Spitz do?
A
Studied at an orphanage in South America and found that babies are not idle passengers in their lives. They tap into the information in the world and if they aren’t stimulated they mentally regress.
25
Brains of __________ change more than we previously thought.
Adolescents
26
What parts of the adolescent brain changes the most?
- Prefrontal Cortex
| - Amygdala
27
Changes in the prefrontal cortex of adolescents cause changes to what? (4)
- Reasoning
- Decision Making
- Self-Control
- Risk-Taking Behavior
28
Changes to the adolescent amygdala cause _________
Increased emotions
29
Describe the newborn sleep/wake cycle.
Newborns sleep 16-17 hours a day in stretches of 2-3 hours
30
When do adult-like sleep patterns emerge?
6 months
31
Why do babies need so much REM sleep in their first two years?
REM sleep allows for dendritic growth
32
What do SIDS and SUID stand for?
- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
| - Sudden Unexplained Infant Death
33
What can cause SIDS? (4)
- Brain Abnormalities
- Events at Birth (especially with oxygenation)
- Immune System Problems
- Metabolic Disorders
34
What measures can be taken to prevent SIDS? (7)
- Prenatal Care
- Back Sleeping
- Proper Bedding
- Temperature Control
- Same Room
- Avoid Bed Sharing
- Smoke-Free Environment
35
What is inadequate sleep in childhood linked to? (3)
- Depression
- School Problems
- Living in Unsafe Neighborhoods
36
Why are uninterrupted sleep and consistent patterns important?
Sleep is linked to behavioral problems
37
Inadequate sleep patterns in adolescents can be linked to what? (5)
- Fatigue
- Moodiness
- Depression
- More Caffeine Beverage Use
- Poor School Performance
38
When given the opportunity, how much sleep did adolescents get?
9.5 hours
39
What is sleep debt?
Trying to make up lost sleep on the weekend
40
What causes later waking and going to sleep in adolescents?
- Biological Clock
| - Changes in melatonin levels
41
How are schools try to help adolescent sleep patterns?
Working on starting school later
| Would increase sleep and decrease absences
42
What are the 3 major causes of increased illness in children?
- Poverty
- Lack of Prevention
- Weight Control
43
Who and what does Sarah Jayne Blakemore do
compares the prefrontal cortex in adolescents to that of adults, to show us how typically “teenage” behavior is caused by the growing and developing brain
44
Sensation information interacts with:
sensory receptors
45
Perception
the interpretation of the information received through the senses
46
Action
How you act once information has been received through the senses
47
Nativist
nature/perception is innate
48
Empiricist
learn by experience
49
Nativist perspective study
Babies are given a cotton swab with sweet, salty, bitter, or sour
Nativist because babies have never had theses experiences
50
infant sense of smell
* Recognition of mother
| * Soothing to familiar smell
51
Preference for face like stimuli
•Pictures that look most like a face are ones babies like the most
Ex: Config face
52
Visual acuity
how well an infant is able to see
At birth: 20/600
By age 1: adultlike
53
How fast a baby sucks indicates:
how interested they are in what you are saying
54
Face perception
attuned to faces from birth
55
Scanning changes at 2 months
* Help to identify people
| * Helps to know how someone feels
56
Visual Preference method
Developed by Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another
57
Habituation
decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations
58
Dishabituation
recovery of habituated response after change in stimulation
59
Eye tracking
Use equipment to follow head and eye movements
60
What is the difference between autistic and non autistic children with eye tracking
When shown faces autistic children look more at the mouth and non autistic children look more at the eyes
61
Lemur/baby study
oBabies who are under 6 months can recognize the different lemurs
•Able to do this because they have more synapses than adults and older children
•They lose the ability to recognize lemurs because they rarely use it so it is pruned away
•This is the same with languages
62
Occluded objects
objects disappear and reappear, by you know they are there
63
Tracking occluded objects
* Babies don’t realize there are two objects until you add motion
* Adding motion helps with perceptual abilities
64
Intermodal perception
Integration information from two or more senses
65
Dynamic systems theory(4)
* Provides and understanding of how processes change over time
* Perception and action are inextricably linked
* Describes how humans gain knowledge from their everyday actions
* Actions are mastered modified, re master and again modified, based on motivation and ability
66
reflexes
•Rooting
o Babies will turn their head upon being touched
•Sucking
•Moro (startle)
o Pretend to drop baby and baby spreads their arms out
•Blinking
•Babinski
o If you run you finger by the side of the babies foot the baby spreads its toes
•Grasping (palmer/plantar)
o Palmar= hand
o Plantar=foot
•Stepping
•Swimming
•Tonic (ATNR)/ Fencing
o Turn babies head to the right, right arm shoots out and left arm is bent
67
Gross motor skills
Motor skills that involve large muscle activities
68
Gross Motor skills for infants
Rolling, sitting, crawling, and jumping
69
Gross Motor skills for older children
running jumping climbing learn sports skills
70
Gross Motor skills for adolescents
master specific skills/Muscle memory
71
research in motor development includes
specificity of learning and individual differences in motor development
72
Karen Adolph and specificity of learning
* motor skills are not transferable
* Babies have to re-experience parts of the world as a crawler to know how to act upon it
* Action on environment depends on experience
73
individual differences in motor development
o Experience rather than age
o Importance of practice
o Sequence of events
74
Fine motor skills
Finely tuned motor movements of the hands and fingers
75
Fine motor skills in infancy
reaching grasping pointing
76
Fine motor skills in children
pick up small objects, stack and build
77
Fine motor skills in adolescents
handwriting, art , music
78
Palmer grasp
Gabbing handful of cheerios
79
Pincer grasp
Pencil grip/ picking up one cheerio
80
Experience and practice with Fine motor skills
Sticky mittens
| Fine tuning
81
Terms associated with Piaget
Schemes
Assimilation
Accomodation
82
Scheme
actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
83
Behavioral scheme
Physical activities that babies use to figure out the world
84
Mental schemes
Cognitive activities used during childhood
85
Assimilation
incorporate new information to existing schemes
86
Accomodation
adjust schemes to fit new experiences
87
Piaget's Theroy
developmental stage theory
88
Sensorimotor stage
age 0-2
89
Piaget's 0-1 months
simple reflexes (Self)
90
Piaget's 1-4 months
primary circular reactions (Self Object)
91
Piaget's 8-12 months
coordination of secondary circular reactions (object -object)
92
Piaget's 12-18 months
tertiary circular reactions, novelty and curiosity
93
Piaget's 18-24 months
internalization of schemes
| use symbols to speak
94
Developmental changes in information processing are likely influenced by increases in what? (2)
-Capacity and Speed of Processing
95
In the information processing approach, children's cognitive development results from what?
Their ability to overcome processing limitations by increasingly executing basic operations, expanding information-processing capacity, and squiring new knowledge and strategies
96
What contributes to the growth of cognitive resources?
Biology and Experience
97
Children's speed in processing information is linked with what?
Their competence in thinking
98
What can improve the processing of information?
An increase in capacity
| Being able to hold more in your mind at one time
99
What is encoding?
The process by which information gets into memory.
100
What is automaticity?
The ability to process information with little or no effort
101
Once a task is automatic, it does not require what?
Conscious Effort
102
What is strategy construction?
Creation of new procedures for processing information
103
What is self-modification?
Children learn to use what they have learned in previous circumstances to adapt their responses to a new situation
104
What is meta cognition?
Cognition about cognition or "Knowing about Knowing"
105
How is the Information Processing Theory similar to Piaget's Theory?
- Constructivist: Children direct their own cognitive development
- Identify cognitive capabilities and limitations at different points in development
- Explain how more understanding comes from a less advanced version
- Explain how individuals do and do not understand important concepts at different points in life
106
How does the Information Processing Theory differ from Piaget's Theory?
- IPT does not have distinct stages
| - IPT focuses more on precise analysis of change and contributions of ongoing cognitive activity
107
What is the basis for action?
Perception
