Exam 2 Flashcards
Cephalocaudal pattern of growth
most growth starts in the head and works its way down (top-down growth)
Size proportion of head to body
In utero: ratio of head to brain= 50/50
Frontal lobe functions
Voluntary movement, thinking, personality
If injured people become impulsive
Parietal lobe functions
Spatial location, Attention, and motor control
Temporal lobe functions
Hearing, memory, language
Gender differences in occipital lobe
- young girls have nearsightedness more often
- color blindness occurs more in men
- red and green colorblindness happens in men only, x linked
- Women who have different shades of red on each x chromosome have extremely better vision for color
Occipital lobe function
Vision
Amygdala function
emotion
Ways we can study nerual development
EEG
NIRS
MEG
Hippocampus functions
Memory and emotion
Prosopagnosia
face blindness
caused by lesion to hipposcampus
NIRS
near infra red spectroscopy
use lasers and light into the head to see how much activity is going on in the brain
MEG
Magnetoencephalography: uses an array of highly sensitive sensors to detect and record the magnetic fields associated with electrical activity in the brain. can be used to detect epileptic activity in the brain
looks at language perception
EEG
electroencephalogram: test used to detect abnormalities related to electrical activity of the brain. This procedure tracks and records brain wave patterns
When does dendritic spreading occur
first two years of life
what happens in brain growth for children between 3-6
no filters
growth in frontal lobe causes maturation
-Children are more impulsive
Greatest growth in children’s brain occurs when
3-15 years
What part of the brain changes the most from age 6-puberty?
The Temporal and Parietal Lobes
What does the Neuroconstructivist View state? (3)
- Biological processes and environmental conditions influence development
- Brain has plasticity and is context dependent
- Brain development is closely linked with cognitive development
What does the quote “Organized in Advance of Experience” imply? Who said it?
- Our brains are amazing, but experience is important
- Gary Marcus
How do nurturing environments help children? (3)
- Promote healthy brain activity
- Provide experience
- Activates the senses
What are 5 adverse experiences that can significantly impact children?
- Maternal Depression
- Underdevelopment
- Abuse
- Neglect
- Institutionalization without Stimulus
What happened during the still face experiment?
After a mom interacted with her baby, she stopped responding and the baby became very distressed
What did Rene Spitz do?
Studied at an orphanage in South America and found that babies are not idle passengers in their lives. They tap into the information in the world and if they aren’t stimulated they mentally regress.
Brains of __________ change more than we previously thought.
Adolescents
What parts of the adolescent brain changes the most?
- Prefrontal Cortex
- Amygdala
Changes in the prefrontal cortex of adolescents cause changes to what? (4)
- Reasoning
- Decision Making
- Self-Control
- Risk-Taking Behavior
Changes to the adolescent amygdala cause _________
Increased emotions
Describe the newborn sleep/wake cycle.
Newborns sleep 16-17 hours a day in stretches of 2-3 hours
When do adult-like sleep patterns emerge?
6 months
Why do babies need so much REM sleep in their first two years?
REM sleep allows for dendritic growth
What do SIDS and SUID stand for?
- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
- Sudden Unexplained Infant Death
What can cause SIDS? (4)
- Brain Abnormalities
- Events at Birth (especially with oxygenation)
- Immune System Problems
- Metabolic Disorders
What measures can be taken to prevent SIDS? (7)
- Prenatal Care
- Back Sleeping
- Proper Bedding
- Temperature Control
- Same Room
- Avoid Bed Sharing
- Smoke-Free Environment
What is inadequate sleep in childhood linked to? (3)
- Depression
- School Problems
- Living in Unsafe Neighborhoods
Why are uninterrupted sleep and consistent patterns important?
Sleep is linked to behavioral problems
Inadequate sleep patterns in adolescents can be linked to what? (5)
- Fatigue
- Moodiness
- Depression
- More Caffeine Beverage Use
- Poor School Performance
When given the opportunity, how much sleep did adolescents get?
9.5 hours
What is sleep debt?
Trying to make up lost sleep on the weekend
What causes later waking and going to sleep in adolescents?
- Biological Clock
- Changes in melatonin levels
How are schools try to help adolescent sleep patterns?
Working on starting school later
Would increase sleep and decrease absences
What are the 3 major causes of increased illness in children?
- Poverty
- Lack of Prevention
- Weight Control
Who and what does Sarah Jayne Blakemore do
compares the prefrontal cortex in adolescents to that of adults, to show us how typically “teenage” behavior is caused by the growing and developing brain
Sensation information interacts with:
sensory receptors
Perception
the interpretation of the information received through the senses
Action
How you act once information has been received through the senses
Nativist
nature/perception is innate
Empiricist
learn by experience
Nativist perspective study
Babies are given a cotton swab with sweet, salty, bitter, or sour
Nativist because babies have never had theses experiences
infant sense of smell
- Recognition of mother
* Soothing to familiar smell
Preference for face like stimuli
•Pictures that look most like a face are ones babies like the most
Ex: Config face
Visual acuity
how well an infant is able to see
At birth: 20/600
By age 1: adultlike
How fast a baby sucks indicates:
how interested they are in what you are saying
Face perception
attuned to faces from birth
Scanning changes at 2 months
- Help to identify people
* Helps to know how someone feels
Visual Preference method
Developed by Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another
Habituation
decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations
Dishabituation
recovery of habituated response after change in stimulation
Eye tracking
Use equipment to follow head and eye movements
What is the difference between autistic and non autistic children with eye tracking
When shown faces autistic children look more at the mouth and non autistic children look more at the eyes
Lemur/baby study
oBabies who are under 6 months can recognize the different lemurs
•Able to do this because they have more synapses than adults and older children
•They lose the ability to recognize lemurs because they rarely use it so it is pruned away
•This is the same with languages
Occluded objects
objects disappear and reappear, by you know they are there
Tracking occluded objects
- Babies don’t realize there are two objects until you add motion
- Adding motion helps with perceptual abilities
Intermodal perception
Integration information from two or more senses
Dynamic systems theory(4)
- Provides and understanding of how processes change over time
- Perception and action are inextricably linked
- Describes how humans gain knowledge from their everyday actions
- Actions are mastered modified, re master and again modified, based on motivation and ability
reflexes
•Rooting
o Babies will turn their head upon being touched
•Sucking
•Moro (startle)
o Pretend to drop baby and baby spreads their arms out
•Blinking
•Babinski
o If you run you finger by the side of the babies foot the baby spreads its toes
•Grasping (palmer/plantar)
o Palmar= hand
o Plantar=foot
•Stepping
•Swimming
•Tonic (ATNR)/ Fencing
o Turn babies head to the right, right arm shoots out and left arm is bent
Gross motor skills
Motor skills that involve large muscle activities
Gross Motor skills for infants
Rolling, sitting, crawling, and jumping
Gross Motor skills for older children
running jumping climbing learn sports skills
Gross Motor skills for adolescents
master specific skills/Muscle memory
research in motor development includes
specificity of learning and individual differences in motor development
Karen Adolph and specificity of learning
- motor skills are not transferable
- Babies have to re-experience parts of the world as a crawler to know how to act upon it
- Action on environment depends on experience
individual differences in motor development
o Experience rather than age
o Importance of practice
o Sequence of events
Fine motor skills
Finely tuned motor movements of the hands and fingers
Fine motor skills in infancy
reaching grasping pointing
Fine motor skills in children
pick up small objects, stack and build
Fine motor skills in adolescents
handwriting, art , music
Palmer grasp
Gabbing handful of cheerios
Pincer grasp
Pencil grip/ picking up one cheerio
Experience and practice with Fine motor skills
Sticky mittens
Fine tuning
Terms associated with Piaget
Schemes
Assimilation
Accomodation
Scheme
actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
Behavioral scheme
Physical activities that babies use to figure out the world
Mental schemes
Cognitive activities used during childhood
Assimilation
incorporate new information to existing schemes
Accomodation
adjust schemes to fit new experiences
Piaget’s Theroy
developmental stage theory
Sensorimotor stage
age 0-2
Piaget’s 0-1 months
simple reflexes (Self)
Piaget’s 1-4 months
primary circular reactions (Self Object)
Piaget’s 8-12 months
coordination of secondary circular reactions (object -object)
Piaget’s 12-18 months
tertiary circular reactions, novelty and curiosity
Piaget’s 18-24 months
internalization of schemes
use symbols to speak
Developmental changes in information processing are likely influenced by increases in what? (2)
-Capacity and Speed of Processing
In the information processing approach, children’s cognitive development results from what?
Their ability to overcome processing limitations by increasingly executing basic operations, expanding information-processing capacity, and squiring new knowledge and strategies
What contributes to the growth of cognitive resources?
Biology and Experience
Children’s speed in processing information is linked with what?
Their competence in thinking
What can improve the processing of information?
An increase in capacity
Being able to hold more in your mind at one time
What is encoding?
The process by which information gets into memory.
What is automaticity?
The ability to process information with little or no effort
Once a task is automatic, it does not require what?
Conscious Effort
What is strategy construction?
Creation of new procedures for processing information
What is self-modification?
Children learn to use what they have learned in previous circumstances to adapt their responses to a new situation
What is meta cognition?
Cognition about cognition or “Knowing about Knowing”
How is the Information Processing Theory similar to Piaget’s Theory?
- Constructivist: Children direct their own cognitive development
- Identify cognitive capabilities and limitations at different points in development
- Explain how more understanding comes from a less advanced version
- Explain how individuals do and do not understand important concepts at different points in life
How does the Information Processing Theory differ from Piaget’s Theory?
- IPT does not have distinct stages
- IPT focuses more on precise analysis of change and contributions of ongoing cognitive activity
What is the basis for action?
Perception
