Exam 2

Question 0

How are STI’s spread?

Answer 0

By the most part, by sexual contact (vaginal, anal, and oral) with someone who has the bacteria, viruses, or parasites that cause infection.

Question 1

What causes STI’s?

Answer 1

The transmission for bacteria, viruses, or parasites that must be present for the infection to be transmitted.

Question 3

Difference between viral and bacterial infection?

Answer 3

Viral infections invade host cells that provide the material to manufacture new virus particles

Bacterial infections are small single-called organisms that lack a nuclear membrane. But have the material to reproduce themselves

Question 4

Difference between lesion and fluid infection?

Answer 4

Lesion infections shed STI microbes from lesions or from infected skin

Fluid infection are cause by infected fluids

Question 5

What infections fall with lesion infections?

Answer 5

HPV (genital warts), HSV (herpes blisters) and syphilis (chancre)

Question 6

What infections fall with fluid infections?

Answer 6

Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, HIV and Hepatitis B, C

Question 7

What are the complications of not treating the initial stage of gonorrhea?

Answer 7

Men: it can spread up the reproductive system and cause inflammation of the prostate, seminal vesicles, bladder and epididymis

Women: gonococcus spreads through the uterus into the Fallopian tubes. The tubes become swollen and inflamed (pelvic inflammatory disease, PID) symptoms include; severe abdominal pain and fever

Question 8

What are the complications of not treating the initial stage of chlamydia?

Answer 8

In both men and women it spreads through the reproductive system.

Men: infection of the prostate and epididymis and possibly sterility

Women: can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, which leave the Fallopian tubes scarred and results in sterility or increased risk of tubal pregnancy

Question 9

Oral herpes?

Answer 9

Herpes infection in or around the mouth

Question 10

Genital herpes?

Answer 10

Herpes infection in the genital region

Question 11

What are the possible consequences of getting HPV infection?

Answer 11

In women it can cause cancer

Question 12

What are the three fertility awareness methods?

Answer 12

1. Calendar method and Standard day method
2. Basal Body Temperature Method
3. Billings Method (Cervical Mucus or Ovulation Method)

Question 13

How is the Calender Method successful or unsuccessful?

Answer 13

This is unsuccessful because not every womens cycle is the same all the time.

Question 14

How is the Basal Body Temperature Method success or unsuccessful?

Answer 14

This is unsuccessful because even women who use the process properly still often get pregnant. Success is based on being able to detect a very small temperature increase

Question 15

How is the Billing Method success or unsuccessful?

Answer 15

This is unsuccessful because it requires a great deal of training and high level of motivation to abstain during the fertility period. Also not deviating from the rules.

Question 16

How do various barrier methods of contraception and spermicides work?

Answer 16

They work to block the sperm from entering the vagina and causes a pregnancy

Question 17

How do hormonal methods of contraception work?

Answer 17

It works by thicking the cervical mucus, which prevents sperm from traveling and preventing ovulation

Question 18

What are some possible side effects?

Answer 18

Include nausea, cramping, breast tenderness, bloated feelings, irregularities in menstrual bleeding, weight gain, and sometimes bone denisty

Question 19

What methods of abortion are available legally in the U.S.,

Answer 19

Medical (nonsurgical abortion) - 7 to 8 weeks after last menstrual period

Dilation and curettage (D&C) - 15 weeks or less

Dilation and evacuation (D&E) - without anesthesia 4 to 6 weeks. with anesthesia 7 to 12 weeks

Induced labor - 16 weeks

Question 20

What are the common reason women terminate a pregnancy?

Answer 20

Limited resources, a lack of partner and or family support

Question 21

Blastocyst

Answer 21

When the conceptus has about 100 cells it has developed a fluid-filled center

Question 22

Trophoblast

Answer 22

The outer cell layers of the embryo

Question 23

Describe the function of the umbilical cord

Answer 23

the major link between the developing embryo and its mother

Question 24

Describe the function of the amnion

Answer 24

It protects against bumps, sudden movements by the mother, and changes in temperature

Question 25

Describe the function of the placenta

Answer 25

the organ that serves as a connection or interface between the embryo’s system and those of the mother

Question 26

Describe physical changes in the first trimester

Answer 26

Enlarged and tender breasts, prominent veins on the breasts, darkened areolas, and enlarged nipples

Question 27

Describe symptoms in the first trimester

Answer 27

Morning sickness (nausea and vomiting), urination, irregular bowel movements and feeling tired

Question 28

Describe physical changes in the second trimester

Answer 28

Abdomen expands, red lines, stretch marks, swelling breast, ankles, feet, and hands, leaking colostrum (lactation)

Question 29

Describe symptoms in the second trimester

Answer 29

Quickening (movement of fetus), emotional attachment, increase in appetite

Question 30

Describe physical changes in the third trimester

Answer 30

Naval expansion, difficulty sitting, walking, and rising

Question 31

Describe symptoms in the third trimester

Answer 31

Frequent urination, indigestion, heartburn, gas, constipation, and low energy level

Question 32

What goes wrong when a tubal pregnancy occurs?

Answer 32

When an implantation occurs in a Fallopian tube

Question 33

What are the probable causes of a tubal pregnancy?

Answer 33

Scarring of the Fallopian tubes due to pelvic inflammatory disease, increasing age at time of conception, smoking and douching

Question 34

What measures should be taken if a tubal pregnancy occurs?

Answer 34

Administering a drug (methotrexate) or laparoscopic surgery

Question 35

Describe the effects of drinking during pregnancy

Answer 35

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) - underdeveloped and have facial deformities, abnormally spaced eyes and small heads

Question 36

Describe the effects of smoking during pregnancy

Answer 36

Low-birth-weight baby, increase risk of miscarriage, ectopic pregnancies, preterm births, and infant mortality. Higher risk of SIDS

Question 37

Describe the effects of drugs during pregnancy

Answer 37

Fever, tremors, complication during labor, convulsions and difficulty breathing with infant

Question 38

What are the stages of labor and how do they progress?

Answer 38

Start-up stage - uterine contractions pushing the fetus downward towards the cervix and ends when the cervix is fully dilated.

Second stage of labor - begins when the cervix is fully dilated and the fetus begins moving through the birth canal. Ending with birth.

Third stage of labor - the placenta detaches from the uterus and leaves the mother’s body. This is afterbirth.

Question 39

Discuss infertility

Answer 39

The inability of a couple to conceive

Question 40

Causes of infertility in men

Answer 40

Endocrine problems, drugs, marijuana, radiation, varicosity of the veins in the spermatic cord and infections (including STI’s)

Question 41

Treatment for infertility in men

Answer 41

Surgery and/or artificial insemination

Question 42

Causes of infertility in women

Answer 42

Structural problem in the Fallopian tubes or uterus, failure to release eggs, drugs, douching, STI’s, endometriosis, and failure to ovulare

Question 43

Treatment for infertility in women

Answer 43

fertility drugs - stimulate the pituitary glands to secrete FSH and LH or stimulate the ovaries directly

Question 44

Common issues with sex after pregnancy

Answer 44

Vaginal bleeding, loss of estrogen, postpartum depression and insecurities