Exam 2 Flashcards
How are STI’s spread?
By the most part, by sexual contact (vaginal, anal, and oral) with someone who has the bacteria, viruses, or parasites that cause infection.
What causes STI’s?
The transmission for bacteria, viruses, or parasites that must be present for the infection to be transmitted.
Difference between viral and bacterial infection?
Viral infections invade host cells that provide the material to manufacture new virus particles
Bacterial infections are small single-called organisms that lack a nuclear membrane. But have the material to reproduce themselves
Difference between lesion and fluid infection?
Lesion infections shed STI microbes from lesions or from infected skin
Fluid infection are cause by infected fluids
What infections fall with lesion infections?
HPV (genital warts), HSV (herpes blisters) and syphilis (chancre)
What infections fall with fluid infections?
Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, HIV and Hepatitis B, C
What are the complications of not treating the initial stage of gonorrhea?
Men: it can spread up the reproductive system and cause inflammation of the prostate, seminal vesicles, bladder and epididymis
Women: gonococcus spreads through the uterus into the Fallopian tubes. The tubes become swollen and inflamed (pelvic inflammatory disease, PID) symptoms include; severe abdominal pain and fever
What are the complications of not treating the initial stage of chlamydia?
In both men and women it spreads through the reproductive system.
Men: infection of the prostate and epididymis and possibly sterility
Women: can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, which leave the Fallopian tubes scarred and results in sterility or increased risk of tubal pregnancy
Oral herpes?
Herpes infection in or around the mouth
Genital herpes?
Herpes infection in the genital region
What are the possible consequences of getting HPV infection?
In women it can cause cancer
What are the three fertility awareness methods?
- Calendar method and Standard day method
- Basal Body Temperature Method
- Billings Method (Cervical Mucus or Ovulation Method)
How is the Calender Method successful or unsuccessful?
This is unsuccessful because not every womens cycle is the same all the time.
How is the Basal Body Temperature Method success or unsuccessful?
This is unsuccessful because even women who use the process properly still often get pregnant. Success is based on being able to detect a very small temperature increase
How is the Billing Method success or unsuccessful?
This is unsuccessful because it requires a great deal of training and high level of motivation to abstain during the fertility period. Also not deviating from the rules.
How do various barrier methods of contraception and spermicides work?
They work to block the sperm from entering the vagina and causes a pregnancy
How do hormonal methods of contraception work?
It works by thicking the cervical mucus, which prevents sperm from traveling and preventing ovulation
What are some possible side effects?
Include nausea, cramping, breast tenderness, bloated feelings, irregularities in menstrual bleeding, weight gain, and sometimes bone denisty
What methods of abortion are available legally in the U.S.,
Medical (nonsurgical abortion) - 7 to 8 weeks after last menstrual period
Dilation and curettage (D&C) - 15 weeks or less
Dilation and evacuation (D&E) - without anesthesia 4 to 6 weeks. with anesthesia 7 to 12 weeks
Induced labor - 16 weeks
What are the common reason women terminate a pregnancy?
Limited resources, a lack of partner and or family support
Blastocyst
When the conceptus has about 100 cells it has developed a fluid-filled center
Trophoblast
The outer cell layers of the embryo
Describe the function of the umbilical cord
the major link between the developing embryo and its mother
Describe the function of the amnion
It protects against bumps, sudden movements by the mother, and changes in temperature
Describe the function of the placenta
the organ that serves as a connection or interface between the embryo’s system and those of the mother
Describe physical changes in the first trimester
Enlarged and tender breasts, prominent veins on the breasts, darkened areolas, and enlarged nipples
Describe symptoms in the first trimester
Morning sickness (nausea and vomiting), urination, irregular bowel movements and feeling tired
Describe physical changes in the second trimester
Abdomen expands, red lines, stretch marks, swelling breast, ankles, feet, and hands, leaking colostrum (lactation)
Describe symptoms in the second trimester
Quickening (movement of fetus), emotional attachment, increase in appetite
Describe physical changes in the third trimester
Naval expansion, difficulty sitting, walking, and rising
Describe symptoms in the third trimester
Frequent urination, indigestion, heartburn, gas, constipation, and low energy level
What goes wrong when a tubal pregnancy occurs?
When an implantation occurs in a Fallopian tube
What are the probable causes of a tubal pregnancy?
Scarring of the Fallopian tubes due to pelvic inflammatory disease, increasing age at time of conception, smoking and douching
What measures should be taken if a tubal pregnancy occurs?
Administering a drug (methotrexate) or laparoscopic surgery
Describe the effects of drinking during pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) - underdeveloped and have facial deformities, abnormally spaced eyes and small heads
Describe the effects of smoking during pregnancy
Low-birth-weight baby, increase risk of miscarriage, ectopic pregnancies, preterm births, and infant mortality. Higher risk of SIDS
Describe the effects of drugs during pregnancy
Fever, tremors, complication during labor, convulsions and difficulty breathing with infant
What are the stages of labor and how do they progress?
Start-up stage - uterine contractions pushing the fetus downward towards the cervix and ends when the cervix is fully dilated.
Second stage of labor - begins when the cervix is fully dilated and the fetus begins moving through the birth canal. Ending with birth.
Third stage of labor - the placenta detaches from the uterus and leaves the mother’s body. This is afterbirth.
Discuss infertility
The inability of a couple to conceive
Causes of infertility in men
Endocrine problems, drugs, marijuana, radiation, varicosity of the veins in the spermatic cord and infections (including STI’s)
Treatment for infertility in men
Surgery and/or artificial insemination
Causes of infertility in women
Structural problem in the Fallopian tubes or uterus, failure to release eggs, drugs, douching, STI’s, endometriosis, and failure to ovulare
Treatment for infertility in women
fertility drugs - stimulate the pituitary glands to secrete FSH and LH or stimulate the ovaries directly
Common issues with sex after pregnancy
Vaginal bleeding, loss of estrogen, postpartum depression and insecurities
