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Neurophysiology 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When light strikes a photoreceptor, what happens? And what happens to glutamate?

A

Hyperpolarizes; and decreased release of glutamate

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2
Q

The greatest refraction of light in the eye occurs at which interface?

A

Air-cornea

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3
Q

In a 60 year old, the lens strength can vary by how many diopters?

A

0

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4
Q

In a young child, the lens strength can vary by how many diopters?

A

14

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5
Q

What is a diopter?

A

It is a unit of measurement = 1 meter of focal length

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6
Q

When reading a book what is the refractive power of your lens like?

A

High

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7
Q

What condition is correlated with a focal point in front of the retina?

A

Myopia, or near sighted

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8
Q

What condition is correlated with a focal point behind the retina?

A

Hyperopia, or far sighted

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9
Q

What is Astigmatism and what part of the eye is more commonly effected?

A

irregular shape, and cornea more common then lens

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10
Q

What is Emmetropia? What are the ciliary muscles like in a patient with this?

A

Normal vision; relaxed in distant vision

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11
Q

What kind of lens would fix hyperopia

A

convex

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12
Q

What kind of lens would fix myopia

A

concave

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13
Q

How does light pass to the long slender cones relatively unimpeded in the fovea centralis?

A

Blood vessels and cells are displaced laterally

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14
Q

What is presbyopia

A

loss of elasticity of lens with age

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15
Q

What area of the eye has the greatest acuity?

A

fovea centralis

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16
Q

The central fovea area of greatest acuity is composed almost entirely of what?

A

Long slender cones

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17
Q

As you move from fovea centralism to periphery of retina does visual acuity decrease? And if so, how much?

A

Yes; more 10 fold

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18
Q

What causes the natural blind spot in your eye?

A

lack of receptors in the optic disc

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19
Q

What is stereopsis

A

binocular vision (eyes separated by 2 inches)

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20
Q

What secretes your aqueous humor?

A

the ciliary body

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21
Q

What is normal intraocular pressure produced by the aqueous humor?

A

12-20 mmHg

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22
Q

What is Glaucoma, and if left untreated what can occur?

A

Increased intraocular pressure; compression of optic nerve which can lead to blindness

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23
Q

True or false, the retina is not considered an extension of the peripheral CNS

A

false

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24
Q

What are the only retinal cells that can generate action potentials?

A

ganglion cells

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25
Q

What does light break down in the rods?

A

rhodopsin

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26
Q

What does light break down in cones?

A

cone pigments

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27
Q

True or false as rhodopsin is broken down in retina, photoreceptor cells hyper polarize

A

true

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28
Q

True or false as rhodopsin is broken down in retina, and photoreceptor cells hyper polarize more glutamate is released?

A

false, less glutamate is released

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29
Q

When it is dark out, how do your retina cells react? Is there more neurotransmitter released?

A

the cells depolarize, and yes more is released

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30
Q

When it is bright out, how do your retina cells react? Is there more neurotransmitter released?

A

the cells hyper polarize; and no less is released

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31
Q

When there is an increase in glutamate (dark out, rods and cones depolarized) what happens to the “off” bipolar cells

A

depolarized, “On” cells opposite

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32
Q

When there is an decrease in glutamate (bright out, rods and cones hyperpolarized) what happens to the “off” bipolar cells

A

hyperpolarized, “On” cells opposite

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33
Q

Bipolar cells can connect to which two kinds of cells

A

amacrine or ganglion

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34
Q

“on” bipolar cells are known as ______ bipolars

A

invaginating

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35
Q

“off” bipolar cells are known as _______ bipolars

A

flat

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36
Q

What are the three subtypes of ganglion cells?

A

P (x); M (y); W

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37
Q

Which is more numerous P (x) or M (y) ganglion cells

A

P (x) around 55%

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38
Q

Where do P (x) ganglion project on to

A

Parvocellular layer of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

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39
Q

Where do M (y) ganglion project on to

A

Magnocellular layer of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

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40
Q

What kind of cells are non-spiking inhibitory interneurons, and responsible for center-surround antagonism

A

horizontal cells

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41
Q

What kind of cells receive input from bipolar cells and project onto ganglion cells

A

Amacrine cells

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42
Q

In the center field, where do photoreceptors synapse?

A

Directly onto bipolar cell

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43
Q

In surround field, where do photoreceptors synapse?

A

Gain access to bipolar cell through horizontal cells

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44
Q

True or false, center field and surround field act oppositely (when one is on the other is off)

A

True

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45
Q

If both center field and surround field is stimulated, what happens

A

No net response

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46
Q

In fovea, what is the ratio for cone to bipolar cell to ganglion?

A

1:1:1

47
Q

In peripheral retina what is the ratio from rods to bipolar cells to ganglion?

A

As many as 1000:100:1

48
Q

True or false, in the presence of darkness for an extended period of time light sensitive pigments do not adapt

A

false, they do adapt (cone 100 fold)

49
Q

What are the 3 populations of cones?

A

Blue sensitive, Green sensitive, and Red sensitive

50
Q

Is color blindness genetic? If so, is it transmitted paternally or maternally? What chromosome is it carried on? What kind is most common?

A

Yes; maternally; X chromosome; Red-Green (blue is rare)

51
Q

What is Protanope

A

Loss of red cones

52
Q

What is Deuteranope?

A

Loss of green cones

53
Q

In bright light, what is responsible for constriction of pupil, and what is this process called?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation; miosis

54
Q

In darkness, what is responsible for dilation of pupil, and what is this process called?

A

Sympathetic stimulation; mydriasis

55
Q

What kind of cone has the shortest wave length?

A

Blue

56
Q

What is the Suprachiasmatic nucleus associated with?

A

Biological clock

57
Q

What is the Pretectal nuclei associated with?

A

Reflex movement of eyes

58
Q

What is the Superior Colliculus associated with?

A

Rapid directional movement of both eyes/ Orientation

59
Q

What part of the primary visual cortex is associated with motion dependent and orientation like simple cells

A

Complex cells

60
Q

Name the 3 visual association cortex pathways and describe what each is associated with in relation to visual information

A

Parvo-interblob- high resolution static form perception, Blob- Color, Magno- Movement and depth

61
Q

Where does the old visual pathway project on to? What kind of information is it associated with?

A

Superior colliculus; locating objects in visual field, subconscious and blindsight

62
Q

Where does the new visual pathway project on to? What kind of information is it associated with

A

The Cortex; Consciously recognizing objects

63
Q

What is Blindsight?

A

Close your eyes and pick up objects, can you tell their orientations? This subconscious ability is called blindsight

64
Q

In dB what is the range for a whisper to your threshold of pain and what are the examples in between?

A

20 to 160 (60 normal convo, 100 concert, 130 discomfort)

65
Q

In a young adult, what is the range frequency in Hz we can hear

A

20-20,000

66
Q

What is the frequency of greatest acuity in hearing (Hz)

A

1000-4000

67
Q

Sound waves against the tympanic membrane create sound waves in the cochlear fluid due to the function of what?

A

Ossicular function

68
Q

Name the 3 “scala’s” of the cochlea

A

Scala vestibuli, Scala media, Scala tympani

69
Q

Which Scala of the cochlea is associated with the oval window and filled with perilymph?

A

Scala Vestibuli

70
Q

Which Scala of the cochlea is separated from Scala tympani by basilar membrane, and filled with endolymph (K+)

A

Scala Media

71
Q

True or false Scala media is filled with endolymph (K+) that baths the tops of hair cells

A

True

72
Q

Which Scala of the cochlea is associated with round wind, and filled with perilymph (CSF) that baths lower bodies of hair cells

A

Scala Tympani

73
Q

How does the Cochlea function starting with mechanical vibrations

A

Mechanical vibrations cause action potentials in fluid toward CN VIII, these vibrations in fluid cause movement of basilar membrane

74
Q

True or false, different sound frequencies displace different areas of basilar membrane

A

True

75
Q

What kind of hair cells are near oval window (base) and what frequencies are they best suited for?

A

Short and thick; higher frequencies

76
Q

What kind of hair cells are near helicotrema (apex) and what frequencies are they best suited for?

A

Long and slender; lower frequencies

77
Q

What is a Fourier analysis? What anatomical structure acts as one?

A

Breaking complex wave into its components, phases, and frequencies; the Cochlea

78
Q

What features of anatomy are involved in the air conduction pathway

A

External ear canal, middle ear, and inner ear

79
Q

What does the bone conduction pathway involve

A

Direct stimulation of cochlea through vibration of skull

80
Q

Reduced hearing from ossicles would be associated with what kind of hearing loss

A

Air conduction loss

81
Q

Reduced hearing from cochlea would be associated with what kind of hearing loss

A

sensory neural loss

82
Q

Which part of the auditory cortex is associated with high frequency sounds?

A

posterior

83
Q

What part of the auditory cortex is associated with low frequency sounds

A

anterior

84
Q

In sound localization, what brainstem nuclei is associated with time lag between the ears?

A

Medial superior olivary nucleus

85
Q

In sound localization, what brainstem nuclei is associated with difference in intensities of sound in both ears?

A

Lateral superior olivary nucleus

86
Q

True or false, taste neuroepithelium consists of taste buds distributed over tongue, pharynx, and larynx

A

true

87
Q

What is a taste bud?

A

40 to 50 modified epithelial cells grouped into barrel shapes, each containing a small pore

88
Q

How often do taste buds regenerate?

A

Weekly basis

89
Q

The anterior 2/3 of tongue is innervated by what CN

A

VII

90
Q

The posterior 1/3 of tongue is innervated by what CN

A

IX

91
Q

Base of tongue and palate is innervated by what CN

A

X

92
Q

Where do all of the cranial nerves that innervate tongue terminate in CNS?

A

Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS)

93
Q

What kind of taste is linked with G-protein receptors?

A

Sweet, bitter, and Umami

94
Q

What kind of taste is linked to ion channels?

A

Salts and Sour

95
Q

What is the least understood special sense?

A

Olfaction

96
Q

What does microsmatic mean?

A

poorly developed sense of smell

97
Q

Once taste information synapses in Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) where does it go?

A

VPM of thalamus

98
Q

From VPM of thalamus, where does taste information end in CNS

A

lower tip of post central gyrus in parietal cortex

99
Q

What part of the olfactory is associated with olfactory receptors?

A

Olfactory epithelium

100
Q

What are of nose responds highly to pheromones

A

Vomernonasal organ or Jacobson’s organ

101
Q

What kind of nerve cells are associated with olfactory cells? Do they project anything?

A

Bipolar; yes hairs into nasal cavity

102
Q

What are the bipolar nerve cells of olfactory connected to?

A

olfactory bulb via cribiform plate

103
Q

What do cells in Bowman’s glands do?

A

secrete mucus

104
Q

Is there such a thing as primary order?

A

No, order is subjective

105
Q

What is Anosmia?

A

Order blindness

106
Q

Are Mitral and Tufted cells inhibitory or stimulating in olfactory senses?

A

Stimulating

107
Q

What are the two inhibitory olfactory cells

A

Granule and Periglomerular

108
Q

The medial olfactory pathway relays basic information to what part of brain?

A

Hypothalamus

109
Q

The lateral olfactory pathway travels to what part of brain? And is unique sensory pathway because?

A

Pyriform cortex and a sensory pathway that doesn’t relay through thalamus

110
Q

New olfactory pathway passes through what part of the brain? Associated with what?

A

Thalamus, analysis of order

111
Q

The anterior olfactory nucleus has what function?

A

Processing information in olfactory bulbs

112
Q

The amygdala and olfactory tubercle has what function?

A

Emotional, endocrine, and visceral response to order

113
Q

Pyriform and periamygdaloid cortex has what function

A

Olfactory perception

114
Q

What hold olfactory memories?

A

Rostral entorhinal cortex

Neurophysiology 2 (2 decks)

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