Exam #2 Flashcards
Pitch
(Frequency) The number of vibrations/cycles per second of a note.
Amplitude
Volume
Quality
(Timbre) A subjective difference in a sound due to the sounds distinctive overtones.
Resonance
The low pitched, clear, hollow sound that predominates in healthy lung tissue in the adult. It is a relative term and has no constant standard.
Hyperresonance
A lower pitch booming sound found when too much air is present, such as in emphysema & pneumothorax.
Tympany
A high-pitched, resonant, drum like note obtained by percussing over an air-filled viscus/organ. (Intestines & Pneumothorax)
Blood pressure is?
The force exerted by blood against vessel walls.
Normal BP for adults 18 & over?
120/80 mm Hg
Endogenous obesity is caused by?
Excesses adrenocorticotropin production by the pituitary gland.
The general survey consists of 4 distinct areas.?
Physical appearance, body structure, mobility, & behavior.
Tachycardia
Adult HR of >50 bpm.
Bradycardia
Adult HR of <50 bpm.
A weak & thready pulse reflects?
A decreased stroke volume, as with bleeding, shock, & dehydration.
Sinus arrhythmia is a pulse that is?
Irregular; the HR varies with respiratory cycle.
A full, bounding pulse (3+) reflects?
An increased stroke volume, as with anxiety & exercise.
Pain signals are carried to the CNS by way of?
Afferent fibers.
What are nociceptors?
Nerve endings that detect painful sensation from the periphery and transmit them to the central nervous system.
Nociception
Process whereby noxious stimuli are perceived as pain; central & peripheral nervous systems are intact.
The 4 phases of nociceptive pain are?
Transduction, Transmission, Perception, Modulation.
What occurs during transduction (the 1st phase of nociceptive pain)?
Pain signals move from the site of origin to the spinal cord.
What occurs during transmission (The 2nd phase of nociceptive pain)?
The pain impulse moves from the level of the spinal cord to the brain.
What happens during perception (The 3rd level of nociceptive pain)?
Interpretation of the pain signal by the brain.
What happens during modulation (The 4th phase of nociceptive pain)?
Neutralization of chemical mediators to decrease the perception of pain.
Neuropathic results from?
Abnormal processing of the pain message.
What is the source of deep somatic pain?
Muscles, bones, joints, tendons, or blood vessels.
What is the source of visceral pain?
Larger interior organs such as the pancreas & intestines.
What is hemoglobin (Hb) level used to detect?
Iron deficiency anemia.
What are the normal hemoglobin (Hb) values for an infant?
1-3 days old = 14.5-22.5 g/dL
2 months = 9.0–14.0 g/ dL
What are the normal hemoglobin (Hb) values for children?
6 - 12 years old = 11.5–15.5 g/dL
What are the normal hemoglobin (Hb) values for an adult?
Adult males = 14-18 g/dL
Females = 12–16 g/dL
What does an abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) value suggest?
Increased hemoglobin levels suggest hemoconcentration due to polycythemia vera for dehydration.
Decreased hemoglobin levels may indicate anemia, recent hemorrhage, or hemodilution caused by fluid retention.
What does a hematocrit (HCT) value measure?
Cell volume and iron status.
What is the normal hematocrit (HCT) value and infants?
1-3 days old = 44% – 72%
Two months old = 28% – 42%
What is the normal hematocrit (HCT) value for children?
6–12 years old = 35% – 45%
What is the normal hematocrit (HCT) value in adults?
Males = 37% – 49% Females = 36% – 46%
What does a low hematocrit (HCT) value indicate?
Insufficient hemoglobin formation ** hematocrit (HCT) and hemoglobin (Hb) value should be interpreted together** (Order an H & H)
When are lab tests performed in infants and children?
Only when undernutrition is suspected or the child has acute or chronic illnesses that affect nutritional status. In children ages 9–12 months iron and lead levels should be assessed.
What is a total cholesterol level evaluate?
Fat metabolism, the risk for cardiovascular disease, heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.
Normal cholesterol concentrations vary with age and gender and ranges from?
120-200 mg/dL.
What disease risk increases with serum cholesterol level?
Coronary artery disease
What is a borderline high/moderate risk serum cholesterol level?
200-239 mg/dL
What is a high-risk serum cholesterol level? What level reflects obesity?
240 mg/dL / >200 mg/dL
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is considered the? And is closely associated with what disease?
“Bad cholesterol.” Arthrosclerosis and coronary artery disease.
What is a desirable LDL-C value in children and adolescents?
<110 mg/dL
What is the desirable LDL-C value in adults?
<130 mg/dL
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is the?
“Good cholesterol”
HDL-C is inversely related to?
Coronary artery disease
What are normal values for HDL-C?
Men 35-65 mg/dL
Women 35-80 mg/dL
Serum triglyceride (TG) values or blood fats are used to screen for what?
Hyperlipidemia and the risk for coronary artery disease
What fasting levels of serum triglycerides are fairly widely excepted?
Ages 0-19 equals 10-100 mg/dL
Ages 20-65 = <150 mg/dL
