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Organ Histology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the main function of the spleen?

A
  1. Immunity
  2. Blood Filtration
  3. Long term T lymphocyte storage
  4. Stores some WBC’s and platelets
  5. Hemopoietic Organ in Fetus
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1
Q

What is the main function of the spleen

A

immunity

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2
Q

What cells are used in blood filtration in the spleen?

A

macrophages

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3
Q

The spleen stores some WBC’s and platelets, what type of WBC?

A

monocytes

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4
Q

Convex surface and a concave area called a …

A

ilium

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5
Q

The capsule of the spleen is made of what kind of tissue?

A

thick dense irregular fibroelastic ct

some smooth muscle cells and/or fibroblasts

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6
Q

The trabeculae of the spleen is made of what kind of connective tissue

A

dense irregular

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7
Q

Are there blood vessels in the trabeculae?

A

yes, trabecuular arteries

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8
Q

T/F

There are both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels in the spleen

A

False there is no afferent lymphatics

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9
Q

cells in the spleen are supported by…

A

reticular fibers

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10
Q

reticular fibers are produce by what?

A

reticular cells

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11
Q

what are the two areas of splenic parenchyma?

A

White pulp and red pulp

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12
Q

White pulp in the spleen is a concentration of what?

A

lymphocytes and other cells

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13
Q

What percentage of the spleen is made up of the white pulp?

A

5-20%

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14
Q

What is the general function of white pulp?

A

immunity

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15
Q

The white pulp is next to what?

A

trabeculae and capsule

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16
Q

Splenic nodules are located in what?

A

white pulp

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17
Q

Splenic nodules are primarily what type of cells?

A

B cells

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18
Q

splenic nodules are more common in adults or children?

A

children

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19
Q

splenic nodule plays a part in what?

A

humoral immunity

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20
Q

What does PALS stand for?

A

periarteriolar lyphoid sheath

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21
Q

the periarteriolar lyphoid sheath is primarily made of what type of cells?

A

T cells

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22
Q

What is the function of periarteriolar lyphoid sheath?

A

long term storage of T cells

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23
Q

What are the functions of red pulp?

A

rapid blood filtration

allow contact with blood bourne foreign antigen

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24
Q

What are the two structure of the red pulp?

A

circulation - open and closed

splenic cords

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25
Q

in a close system circulation capillaries connect to what?

A

fenestrated venous sinuses

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26
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

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27
Q

Cartilage texture…

A

semi rigid yet flexible

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28
Q

T/F Cartilage cells & matrix immediately surrounding have no capillary networks of their own

A

True

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29
Q

How does cartilage get nutrition?

A

by diffusion

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30
Q

What are the functions of cartilage?

A

Support

Template for endochondral bone ossification

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31
Q

Which type of cartilage is the most common?

A

hyaline cartilage

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32
Q

Which type of cartilage is specialized hyaline?

A

elastic

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33
Q

What is a unique type of cartilage?

A

fibrocartilage

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34
Q

What kind of fiber is hyaline cartilage made of?

Does it have perichondrium?

What are some locations where it is found?

A

Collagen II

Yes (usually)

Larynx  
Tracheal rings & bronchi
Articular cartilage  
Thyroid 
Nasal septum 
Costal cartilage
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35
Q

What kind of fibers make up elastic cartilage?

Does it have perichondrium?

What are some locations?

A

Collagen II
Elastic Fibers

Yes

1 piece in larynx
Ear pinna
External auditory tube
Epiglottis

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36
Q

What is the main location of elastic cartilage?

A

epiglottis

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37
Q

What kind of fiber makes up fibrocartilage?

Does it have a perichondrium?

What are some location where it can be found?

A

Collagen I

No

Annular fibrosis of IVD
Knee menisci
Pubic symphysis
Tendon insertions

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38
Q

What 2 components make up hyaline cartilage matrix?

A

ground substance and fibers

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39
Q

What makes up the ground substance of the matrix of hyaline cartilage?

A

Aggrecans
Hyaleuronic Acid
other proteoglycans
Chondronectin

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40
Q

What are aggrecans and what are they made of?

A

part of the ground substance of the matrix of hyaline cartilage, large molecules

made of proteins and sulfated GAGs

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41
Q

What forms the core of the aggrecans?

A

proteins

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42
Q

how many sulfated GAGs are present in one aggrecans?

A

100-200

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43
Q

What are some examples of sulfated GAGs?

A

chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, heparin sulfate

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44
Q

What bonds to multiple aggrecans?

A

hyaleuronic acid

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45
Q

What is held between hyaleuronic acid and aggrecans?

A

lots of water

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46
Q

do proteoglycan form aggrecans?

A

no

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47
Q

what is the purpose of the proteoglycans in the matrix?

A

to help stabilize the matrix

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48
Q

What is Chondronectin and where is it located

A

its an adhesive glycoprotein and it is in the ground substance of the matrix of hyaline cartilage

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49
Q

Along with collegen II that make up the fiber in the matrix of the hyaline cartilage, what other types of cartilage are present?

A

Collegen 9,10,11

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50
Q

What is the main difference between hyaline and elastic cartilage?

A

elastic fibers contain:
Elastic fibers
Larger & more chondrocytes
Less matrix

51
Q

What are the functions of elastic cartilage?

A

Provide flexibility

Elastic cartilage is otherwise like hyaline cartilage in basic structure and function.

52
Q

What kind of cells are in hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondrogenic
Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes

53
Q

What is another name for chondrogenic cells?

A

condrogenic perichondrium

54
Q

What is the appearance of chondrogenic cells?

A

very narrow

55
Q

What is the location of chondrogenic cells?

A

Chondrogenic perichondrium

56
Q

Chondrogenic cells are derived from what?

A

mesenchyme cells

rarely from osteoprogenitor cells

57
Q

Chondrogenic cells differentiate into ___________ when matrix is needed via what process?

A

chondroblasts

Mitosis

58
Q

What is the appearance of a chondroblast cell?

A

oval

59
Q

What is the location of chondroblasts?

A

Chondrogenic perichondrium

60
Q

Chondroblasts are derived from what cell?

When it is derived from mesenchyme it is called?
When it is derived from fibroblasts it is called?

A

chondrogenic cells

interstitial growth
appositional growth

61
Q

What do chondroblast mature into?

A

chondrocytes

62
Q

What is the function of the chondroblast cells?

A 
produce ALL parts of matrix 
secretory 
NO Mitosis 
Can be inactive for extended periods 
Like low O2
63
Q

What is the appearance of the chondrocyte cells?

A

round

64
Q

What is the location of the chondrocytes?

A

perichondrium

65
Q

chondrocytes are derived from what?

A

chondroblasts

66
Q

What is the functions of the chondrocytes?

A

Maintain matrix
Prevent calcification
Some new matrix via mitosis

67
Q

Young chondrocyte cells can derive how many times?

A

1-2x

68
Q

chondrocytes like high or low oxygen

A

low oxygen

69
Q

Where do you find isogenic groups and what are they?

A

chondrocytes, groups of 2-4 cells

70
Q

What is the location of the perichondrium?

What exceptions are there?

A

peripheral to the cartilage

Epiphyseal growth plate
Articular cartilage – at joints

71
Q

What cartilage is typically damaged due to osteoarthritis?

A

articular cartilage

72
Q

What are the two part of the perichondrium?

A

Fibrous and Chondrogenic perichondrium

73
Q

The Fibrous perichondrium of the perichondrium is typically

  1. Outermost layer or innermost cartilage
  2. What type of Collagen
  3. Primary cell type?
  4. Vascular or avascular
A
  1. outermost
  2. Collagen 1
  3. fibroblast
  4. vascular
74
Q

The Chondrogenic Perichondrium layer of the perichondrium is…

  1. Outermost or Innermost layer
  2. It is a ________ layer with what 2 types of cells
  3. Thin or wide
  4. What type of Collagen
  5. Vascular or Avascular
A
  1. Innermost
  2. Cellular; chondroblasts and chondrocytes
  3. Thin
  4. Collagen II
  5. Avascular
75
Q

Perichondrium is important because of what two reason?

A

blood supply – O2 and blood supply to cartilage

Cells for matrix production, healing, & growth

76
Q

What is another name for histogenesis?

A

Chondrogenesis

77
Q

Interstitial Cartilage Growth begins with what?

A

begins with rounded mesenchyme cells called chondrogenic nodules

78
Q

Chondrificaton in chondrification nodule involves Mesenchyme cells becoming chondroblast, what factors affect the differentiation?

A

Transcription factor SOX-9 and forces exerted in area

79
Q

What do chondroblasts do?

A

secrete matrix component

80
Q

What do chondroblasts become?

A

chondrocytes

81
Q

What do chondrocytes do?

A

Secrete territorial matrix

Divide to make isogenic groups

82
Q

In the Interstitial Cartilage Growth, Catilage development expands outward. What is the stopping point of cartilage development?

A

chondrogenic perichondrium

Fibrous perichondrium develops from surround vascular mesenchyme

83
Q

Interstitial Growth is a modified version of?

at what location does this take place?

A

The cartilage growth mechanism

Articular cartilage
Epithelial growth plate

84
Q

The surface structure of articular cartilage is made of what structure?

A

densely packed collegen II

85
Q

What is the structure of articular cartilage made of?

A

chondrocytes arranged in columns

86
Q

Do the chondrocytes in the articular cartilage divide??

A

occasionally

87
Q

Where is articular cartilage located?

A

deep to bone, thin crystalline mineral structure

88
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage?

A

seals cartilage to bone

89
Q

What is the outer layer of the joint capsule made of?

A

fibrous dense ct

90
Q

The outer layer of the joint capsule is continuous with what?

A

periosteum of adjacent bone

91
Q

What is another name for the synovial layer of the joint capsule?

A

synovial membrane

92
Q

Where is the synovial layer of the joint capsule located?

A

inner ct layer covering non-articular surfaces

93
Q

What three things does the synovial layer of the joint capsule contain??

A

rich blood, lymphatic and nerve supply

94
Q

T/F

Synovial membrane does not regenerate

A

false, it regenerates rapidly

95
Q

The synovial membrane is not considered a what?

A

epithelial lining

96
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the joint capsule?

A

Type A Synovocytes

Type B Synovocytes

97
Q

What are type A synovocytes and what is their main function?

A

macrophages, remove debris from joint space via phagocytosis

98
Q

Type B synovocytes resemble what kind of cell?

A

fibroblasts

99
Q

What is the function of Type B Synovocytes?

A

secrete synovial fluid

100
Q

Synovial fluid has high concentrations of what?

A

hyaluronan and lubricin

101
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

supply nutrients and 02 to chondrocytes, joint lubrication

102
Q

What are the three types of synovial membranes?

A

fibrous
areolar
adipose

103
Q

fibrous synovium contains what kind of connective tissue and where is it located?

A

Dense irrengular

covering tendons and ligaments

104
Q

Aerolar synovium contains what kind of connective tissue and what types of cells?

A

loose areolar connective tissue

type A and B synovocytes

105
Q

What kinds of synovial membrane covers fat pads?

A

adipose synovium

106
Q

What cells are prominent in the adipose synovium?

A

Tybe B synovocytes

107
Q

Which type of cartilage is slower growing?

a. Appositional
b. Interstitial

A

a

108
Q

Which type of cartilage is more common?

a. Appositional
b. Interstitial

A

a

109
Q

Where does the process of appositional cartilage growth begin?

A

in the perichondrium,

chondrogenic cells and chondroblasts become active

110
Q

besides Chondrogenic cells, what other scource does chondroblasts originate from?

A

fibroblasts from the fibrous perichondrium

111
Q

Fibrous perichondrium comes from what?

A

surrounding ct

112
Q

chondrogenic perichondrium comes from what

A

fibrous perichondrium

113
Q

chondroblasts can also come from what besides chondrogenic perichondrium?

A

Fibroblasts in fibrous perchondrium

114
Q

What are the functions of appositional cartilage?

A

Enlarging existing cartilage
Healing (poor healer)
-faster in children than adults

115
Q

What are the functions of elastic cartilage?

A

provides flexibility

other than that the function is a lot like that of hyaline cartilage.

116
Q

Is Fibrocartilage vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

117
Q

What are the two main functions of fibrocartilage?

A

provides strength

shock absorbtion

118
Q

Fibrocartilage resists what kind of force?

A

stretch and tensile

119
Q

What does perichondrium provide for cartilage?

What disadvantage does this provide for fibrocartilage?

A

appositional healing

no appositional healing

120
Q

healing for fibrocartilage is 100% ________ tissue

A

scar

121
Q

Initially fibrocartilage is similar to what?

A

dense regular connective tissue with fibrocytes and fibroblasts

122
Q

What two things does fibroblast do in fibrocartilage produce in order to resist compressive forces?

A

Proteoglycans and GAGs

123
Q

fibroblasts change into what?

Due to what?

A

chondrocytes

Accumulation of the weight of molecules

124
Q

The more compressive forces in the fibrocartilage the more what is produced?

The more shearing forces?

A

hyaline cartilage

collagen I

125
Q

Fibrocartilage is a combination of what two things?

A

dense regular ct and hyaline cartilage

126
Q

What occurs to cartilage with an increase in age to chondrocytes?

A

decrease in number

Organ Histology (2 decks)

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