Exam 2 Flashcards
Tissues make up
Organs
Most animals are composed of cells organized into
Tissues that have different functions
Organs make up
Organ systems
Some organs belong to multiple organ systems, name one of these organs and the corresponding systems
Pancreas… Digestive and Endocrine
Different tissues have
Different structures that are suited to their functions
Tissues are classified into four main categories. Name them.
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
Name phylum that doesn’t have tissues
Porifera (Sponges)
How many middle ear bones do mammals have
Three
Describe the mammalian heart
Four Chambered
Left Aortic Arch
What does epithelial tissue cover
The outside of the body and it lines the organs and cavities within the body
Describe the orientation of epithelial tissue cells
Closely joined together
What does connective tissue do
It binds and supports other tissues
Describe the connective tissue cells
Sparsely packed and scatter throughout an extracellular matrix
What does the connective tissue matrix consist of
Fibers which can be liquid, jellylike, or solid
Describe muscle tissues
Consist of long cells called muscle fibers which contract in response to nerve tissues
Describe the three types of muscle tissue
cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control. Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle fibers occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton. They are striated in appearance and are under voluntary control.
Describe the function of nervous tissues
To sense stimuli and transmit signals throughout the animal
What do nervous tissues contain
Neurons and glial cells
Describe something interesting about tissue cells
They are all genetically identical, but certain genes are turned on or off depending on type.
What do neurons do
Transmit nerve impulses
What do glial cells do
Help to nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
Emergent properties
Cannot be predicted
WhIch systems do control and coordination depend upon
Endocrine System
What does the endocrine system do
Transmits chhormones
Describe hormones
Relatively slow acting, but with potentially long lasting effects. May affect one or more regions throughout the body.
The nervous system transmits information between
Specific locations
Feedback Control…
Maintains the internal environment in many animals
This uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external environmental fluctuation
A Regulator
This allows its internal conditional vary with certain external changes
A conformer
Animals require 20 amino acids and can synthesize about _____ from molecules in their diet
Half
Animals can synthesize most of the _____ that they need
Fatty acids
______ are organic molecules that are required in our diet
Vitamins
There are a total of ___ vitamins that we must pick up in our diets
13
The two types of vitamins are___
Water soluble and fat soluble
______ are inorganic nutrients that are usually required in small amounts
Minerals (Ca, Fe, P, S, Cl, Na etc…)
Dietary deficiencies are characterized by___
Undernourishment (long term result of diets that don’t supply enough energy)
Malnourishment (long term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients)
The four main stages of food processing are…
Ingestion- the act of eating
Digestion- the process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for cell absorption
Absorption- uptake of nutrients by body cells
Elimination- passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment.
The types of digestion in animals are….
Intracellular digestion and Extracellular digestion
Food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacuoles….
Intracellular digestion
The breakdown of food particles outside of cells
Extracellular digestion
The digestive tube is called a complete digestive tract or an alimentary canal
Extracellular digestion
The _______ digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts
Mammalian
The mammalian accessory glands are the…
Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
The first stage of digestion is mechanical and takes place in the ______
Oral cavity
Teeth chew food into smaller particles that are exposed to _____ _______ initiating breakdown of glucose polymers
Salivary amylase
The tongue shapes food into a _____ and provides help with swallowing
bolus
The region that we call our throat is the ____ , a junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea (windpipe)
Pharynx
The _____ stores foods and secretes ____ _____
Stomach, gastric juice (HCL + pepsin)
_____ ____ secrete H and Cl ions separately
Parietal cells
____ ____ secrete inactive pepsinogen
Chief cells
The muscles at each end of the stomach that pinch the stomach off are called
Sphincter muscles
The ___ ____ is the longest section of the alimentary canal
small intestine
The first portion of the small intestine is called
the duodenum
The small intestine has a large surface area due to…
Villi and micro villi that are exposed to, intestinal lumen
Be able to describe the early radiation of animals
Prior to Cambrian explosion there was a radiation of animals in Rocks (roughly 600MYA) “Ediacaran”
What is an animal
Multicellular heterotrophs
Be able to explain
Vertebrates arose in marine environments and organisms didn’t move onto land until about 365MYA. This was due to the fact that climate was changing and as lakes and as waters dried out, predation and competition increased and organisms escaped from the water gradually
Phylum- Chordata
32 #7
Diploblastic: Ectoderm and Endoderm
Triploblastic: ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm
Inner layer of blastula becomes endoderm and outer layer becomes ectoderm. Mesoderm forms In the mid layer.
The ectoderm forms integument skin and many parts of nervous system
Endoderm forms digestive structures and even the lungs
Mesoderm forms muscles and skeletal system, heart, etc…
What is the most diverse phylum of animals
Arthropods
What is the most diverse class of vertebrates
Actinobthorigea
34 #1
Hollow dorsal nerve chords
Pharyngeal gill slits
Nota chord
Post anal tail
34 #4
Ancestral number= 1 set of 13 Hox genes
Craniates:
Myxinni, petromyz. (No jaws)
2 sets
4sets (jaws and minimalized skeleton)
Tunicates are weird (only 9 Hox Genes)
34 #7
Main Trends
- Trend towards bipedalism
- Increase in brain size (long after bipedalism)
Others: (Minor)
- Reduction in sexual dimorphism
- Hominin evolution didn’t narrowly lead to humans, there was instead a branching of organisms
33 #1
Protostomes
1. Porifera- no true tissue, choanocytes
2. Cnidarian- diploblastic, cnidocytes(stinging cells)
3. Platyhelminthes - triploblastic acoelamate
4. Mollusca- Muscular foot, mantle, visceral mass
5. Annelida- Segmented worms
6. Nematodes- pseudocoelomate
(space between mesoderm and endoderm)
7. Arthropods- jointed legs, open circulatory system,
Deuterostomes
???-
Chordates-
34 #3
Pg 698 (ninth edition)
What 2 chordate classes are amniotic
Mammals ceropsids
2 classes of tetrapod vertebrates
Amphibians and…
32 #4
Feeding cells
Cope, Marsh, Roy Chapman Andrews
Cope-
Marsh-
Roy Chapman Andrews-
32 #10
(Pg. 662-663)
Before being able to quickly sequence the genome, phylogenetic were based on morphological features
Two main groups were Protostomes and deuterostomes
Today mains are locotrophozoa and ecdysizoa
Shuffling of bilaterally symmetrical organisms
Both are monophyletic
Basal sponges
Cnidarians are next branch
40 #2
Epithelial- skin
Connective- blood/bones/ligaments/tendons
Muscle- heart
Nervous- neurons/brain
40 #1
Emergent Properties are the new attributes of a system that paper at each next level of higher organization
all animals are organized hierarchically, but there are so many properties to consider that it must be dissected into specificrats in order to study
Essentially
Cells form tissues tissues form organs organs form organ systems organ systems form organisms
Homeostasis is based on
Negative feedback
40 #8
Evaporation
Homeotherm- if too hot, heat is expelled by evaporation (sweat)
Dog panting
Shivering when too cold in order for muscles to generate heat
41 #8
Carnivores have simple and short digestive tracts because proteins are easy to digest
Omnivores have longer more complex digestive systems and for the purposes of digesting more complex and more diverse materials
40 #10
Calories in addition to those needed for survival give energy for growth, storage, external activity, etc…)
34 #2
Hagg Fish - Jawless Lambraes- Jawless, vertebrae forerunners Actinobthorigei- fins, rays Lung fish- lungs Mammals- hair, mammary glands(females) Amphibians- moist skin, no nails or claws in toes
