Exam 2

Question 1

What is the consequence of 17a-hydroxylase deficiency?

Answer 1

Hypogonadism. Pregnenlone diversion and thus less mineralocorticoid synthesis

Question 2

What is the consequence of 21B-hydroxylase deficiency?

Answer 2

Reduction of cortisol synthesis and thus exces 17a-hydroxyprogesterone

Question 3

What is the consequence of 11B-hydroxylase deficiency?

Answer 3

Excess deoxycorticosterone production, which leads to mineralocorticoid activity and thus increased salt retention and hypertension

Question 4

What is(are) the physiologic effect(s) of estrogens?

Answer 4

Female 2ndary sex characteristics

Reproductive tract development

Question 5

What is(are) the physiologic effect(s) of progesterone?

Answer 5

Uterus effects: endometrium secretory effect
Mymoetrium: stop spontaneous rhythmic contraction
During pregnancy, sends negative feedback signal to hypothalamus to stop FSH and LH production

Question 6

What is(are) the physiologic effect(s) of androgens?

Answer 6

Male 2ndary sex characteristics

Male reproductive organ development

Question 7

Which estrogen is produced in the greatest amount in the body?

Answer 7

17B-estradiol

Question 8

Which estrogen is found in the largest concentration in the plasma?

Answer 8

Estrone

Question 9

Which estrogen is found in the largest concentration in the urine?

Answer 9

Estriol

Question 10

How are insoluvle estrogens and other steroids cleared from the plasma?

Answer 10

Through conjugation to a sulfate or glucoronide

Question 11

What are some therapeutic uses of anabolic agents?

Answer 11

Men: androgen replacement therapy
Women: Advanced breast cancer

Question 12

What are the 3 mineralocorticoids and which is natural/synthetic?

Answer 12

Natural: aldosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone

Synthetic Fludocortisone

Question 13

Which glucocorticoids are very high potency?

Answer 13

Halobetasol
Betamethasone dipropionate
Diflorasone
Clobetasol propionate

Question 14

Which glucocorticoids are high potency?

Answer 14

Halcinonide
Desoxymethasone
Fluocinonide
Fluocinolone acetonide

Question 15

Which glucocorticoids are medium potency?

Answer 15

Mometasone furoate
Triamcinolone adetonide
Hydrocortisone valerate

Question 16

Which glucocorticoids are low potency?

Answer 16

Alclometasone
Desonide
Hydrocortisone acetate
Prednicarbate

Question 17

How does estrogen affect bone health?

Answer 17

Promotes osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclast activity

Question 18

Which diabetes type is early onset? adult onset?

Answer 18

Early: Type 1
Adult: Type 2

Question 19

Which insulins are rapid-acting and why?

Answer 19

Lispro (Humalog), Aspart (NovoLog), Glusiline (Apidra)

They remain as monomers in solution

Question 20

Which insulins are short-acting? When is it taken?

Answer 20

Regular human insulin.

30-60 minutes before meals

Question 21

Which insulins are intermediate-acting?

Answer 21

NPH, Lente

Question 22

Which insulins are long-acting?

Answer 22

Glargine, Ultralente, detemir

Question 23

What is the MOA of sulfonyl urea and meglitinides?

Answer 23

Binds to ATP-sensitive K channel of B cell resultin in closure. Indirectly causes inc. Ca intracellularly which causes insulin exocytosis

Question 24

What is the MOA of biguanidines?

Answer 24

Inhibit hepatic glucose synthesis (inhibit gluconeogenesis)

Increase insulin sensitivity