Exam 2 Flashcards
Tun
Rural communities in England; families. Families were close, which slowed down crime.
Tithing
Each Tun divided into groups of 10 families; one father runs the tithe
Hundred
Group of 10 tithing
Shire
Unit of government where hundreds were banded together; modern day counties
Shire Reeve
Leader of a shire; enforced the law and eventually became the name sake of the modern day “Sheriff”
Bow Street Runners
Circa 1748; the first mobile police; Organized by Henry and Sir John Fielding; they paid individuals to enforce the law, but the runners died off when the two brothers died
Thames River Police
Created in 1798 by the West Indian Trading Company in England; these enforced law on the docks, but were paid by a private organization to protect their assets.
London Metropolitan Police
Created in 1829 by a parliament member Sir Robert Peele because he saw the impact of the Thames police and the runners; this was the first permanent, public police force. Formed basis for American police
Fragmented System
The U.S. runs law enforcement by the federal, state, and local levels
U.S. Enforcement
Police authority is limited and based on the notion of local control
Chief August Vollmer
Chief in Berkeley, California and was one of the first advocates for police professionalism and college education for police
Wickersham Commission
1931; One of the first to report police professionalism
Federal Law Enforcement
Nationwide jurisdiction (broken down into smaller districts). All agencies have specific missions.
State Law Enforcement
State police and Bureaus of Investigation; highway patrol
Local Law Enforcement
Bulk of American law enforcement
Municipal Police
City Police
Sheriff’s office
County police
Kansas City Patrol experiment
Took 3 areas and kept 1 area the same, took one away, and doubled the patrol in the last. The initial result of the experiment said that police presence didn’t change crime, but it was flawed. The patrol units from the doubled patrol area was called to the no patrol area, which kept the number of patrol cars the same in all areas
James Q. Wilson
Developed three styles of policing from an administrative standpoint.
Watchmen Style
Primary concern is order maintenance- survival; busy answering violence and emergency calls. Wide use of discretion: priorities. Street Justice is used. Mainly in working class communities
Street Justice
Enforcing the law in other means than legal enforcement
Legalistic Style
Vigorous law enforcement: all offences are punished. Citation/misdemeanor arrests: they fine people a lot to build revenue. Often occurs in aftermath of a scandal in watchman-type organizations.
Service Style
Police view themselves as helpers more than crime fighters. Found in affluent areas
Discretion
Unique in police service compared to other fields. Not many jobs will allow you to use discretion like you can in the police field, but it also a great factor in influencing corruption
Continuum of Compromise
This is the path to corruption in a police officer.
- Perceived sense of victimization.
- Acts of Omission
- Acts of Commission: Administrative
- Acts of Commission: Criminal
Acts of Commission: Administrative
Doing something against the policies
Acts of Commission: Criminal
Doing something that is against the law
Knapp Commission
Civilian commission to investigate police corruption in 1972 New York City. Found 2 categories of corrupt cops
“Meat Eater” cops
Officers who seek opportunities to engage in corruption for personal gain
“Grass Eater” cops
Officers who don’t actively seek to engage in corruption, but accept corruption if the opportunity presents itself.
4th Amendment
Unreasonable search and seizure, Probable cause, and Warrants
4th Amendment: 2 clauses
First clause: reasonablist clause; Second: Warrant clause
Levels of proof
Mere suspicion
Reasonable Suspicion
Probable Cause
Proof beyond reasonable doubt
Reasonable Suspicion
Knowledge, under the present circumstances and articulate facts in light of a police officer’s training and experience, which indicates criminal activity is present
Reasonable Suspicion
Knowledge, under the present circumstances and articulate facts in light of a police officer’s training and experience, which indicates criminal activity is present
Probable Cause
Facts and/or circumstances that would lead a reasonable and prudent person to believe that a crime has been committed (or evidence of a crime exists) and that a particular person committed the crime (or evidence is in a particular place)
Probable Cause
Facts and/or circumstances that would lead a reasonable and prudent person to believe that a crime has been committed (or evidence of a crime exists) and that a particular person committed the crime (or evidence is in a particular place)
5th Amendment
No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property
5th Amendment
No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property
Deadly Force
Force which reasonably can be expected to cause death or serious bodily injury. Intent is to stop not kill.
Sixth Amendment
Right to Counsel Clause. “In all criminal prosectutions, the accused shall…have the assistance of counsel for his defense.”
Fourteenth Amendment
Due Process Clause. “No state shall….deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.”
Frank-Pledge System
An early form of English Government that divided communities into groups of ten men who were responsible for the group’s conduct and ensured that a member charged with breaking the law appeared in court.
Hundred-Men
Head of a group of ten men who served as an administrator and judge
Constable (comes stabuli)
The head of law enforcement for large districts in early Enland. In the Modern U.S., a constable serves areas such as rural townships and is usually elected
Watch-and-Ward System
An early English system overseen by the constable in which a watchman guarded a city’s or town’s gates at night
Hue and Cry
In early England, the alarm that citizens were required to raise upon the witness or discovery of a criminal offense
Problem-Oriented policing
Style of policing that attempts to address underlying social problems that contribute to crime.
Authority
The right and the power to commit an act or order others to commit an act.
Racial Profiling
Suspicion of illegal activity based on a person’s race, ethicity, or national origin rather than on actual illegal activity or evidence of illegal activity.
Seizure
The collecting by police officers of potential evidence in a criminal case.
Stop
Temporary detention that legally is a seizure of an individual and must be based on reasonable suspicion.
