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BIO 100 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Cancer begins when…

A

When a cell divides although it should not

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1
Q

Process through which a cell copies itself

A

Cell Division

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2
Q

Unregulated cell division leads to…

A

a tumor, or a mass of cells with no apparent function in the body

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3
Q

Tumors that do not affect surrounding structures

A

Benign tumors

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4
Q

Tumors that invade surrounding structures and are cancerous. Can break away and start new cancers elsewhere throughout the process of metastasis

A

Malignant tumors

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction:

A

The process by which a cell divides by coping its DNA and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the original parent cell

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6
Q

DNA contains instructions for…

A

building the proteins that cells require

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7
Q

DNA is organized into structures called

A

Chromosomes

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8
Q

The number of chromosomes in each human cell

A

46

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9
Q

When each chromosome is copied, the copy is called

A

a sister chromatid

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10
Q

The “handrails” of DNA are made of:

A

Sugar and phsphates

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11
Q

Part of the cell cycle; makes new cells that are exactly the same as the original cells; separates the sister chromatids so that each new cell has a complete set of chromosmes

A

Mitosis

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12
Q

Three steps in the cell cycle

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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13
Q

During interphase…

A

DNA is copied

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14
Q

During Mitosis

A

DNA separates into two daughter cells

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15
Q

During Cytokinesis….

A

The cytoplasm divides, creating two cells

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16
Q

Most of a cell’s life is spent in….

A

interphase

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17
Q

What are the three phases of interphase

A

G1
S
G2

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18
Q

First gap or growth phase; Organelles duplicated; cell gets larger

A

G1 phase

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19
Q

Synthesis phase; DNA is copied in this phase; Chromosomes are replicated; Get sister chromatids connected by centromeres

A

S phase

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20
Q

Second gap phase; Synthesis of proteins necessary for mitosis

A

G2 Phase

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21
Q

During which two phases of interphase does the cell grow in preparation for cell division

A

G1 and G2

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22
Q

What are the four steps of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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23
Q

Benign

A

Tumor that stays in one place and does not affect surrounding tissues

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24
Q

Metastasis

A

When cells from a tumor break away and start new cancers at distant locations

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25
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels (to a tumor)

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26
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Either of the two duplicated, identical copies of a chromosome formed after DNA synthesis.

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27
Q

Homologous Pair

A

Set of two chromosomes of the same size and shape with centromeres in the same position. Homologous pairs of chromosomes carry the same genes in the same locations but bay carry different alleles.

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28
Q

Crossing Over

A

Gene for gene exchange of genetic information between members of a homologous pair of chromosomes.

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29
Q

Independent Assortment

A

The separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes into gametes independently of one another during meiosis

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30
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Identical twins that developed from one zygote

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31
Q

Co-Dominance

A

???

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32
Q

Polygenic trait

A

A trait influenced by many genes

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33
Q

Dominant traits

A

Applies to an allele with an effect that is visible in a heterozygote

34
Q

Recessive Traits

A

Applies to an allele with an effect that is not visible in a hterozygote

35
Q

Pleiotropy

A

The ability of one gene to affect many different functions

36
Q

Non Disjunction

A

The failure of members of a homologous pair of chromosomes to separte from each other during meiosis.

37
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

An enzyme that cleaves DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

38
Q

Transcription

A

Production of an RNA copy of the protein coding DNA gene sequence

39
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

A laboratory technique that allows the production of many identical DNA molecules

40
Q

C3 Plants

A

Plant that uses the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis to incorporate carbon dioxide into a 3-carbon compound

41
Q

C4 Plants

A

Plant that performs reactions incorporating carbon dioxide into a 4–carbon compound that ultimately provides carbon dioxide for the Calvin cycle

42
Q

CAM Plant

A

Plant that uses Crassulacean acid metabolism, a variant of photosynthesis during which carbon dioxide is stored in sugars at night (when stomata are open) and released during the day (when stomata are closed) to prevent water loss

43
Q

Cancer

A

A disease that occurs when cell division escapes regulatory controls

44
Q

Lymphatic system

A

A system of vessels and nodes that return fluid and protein to the blood. Used by cancer cells to spread throughout the body

45
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Genes that encode proteins that regulate the cell cycle. Mutated proto-oncogenes (oncogenes) can lead to cancer

46
Q

Onco-gene

A

Mutant version of a cell cycle controlling proto-oncogene

47
Q

Tumor suppressors

A

Cellular protein that stops tumor formation by suppressing cell division. When mutated leads to increased likelihood of cancer.

48
Q

Contact inhibition

A

Property of cells that prevents them from invading surrounding tissues. Cancer cells may lose this property

49
Q

Anchorage Dependence

A

Phenomenon that holds normal cells in place. Cancer cells can lose anchorage dependence and migrate into other tissues or metastasize

50
Q

Biopsy

A

Surgical removal of some cells, tissue, or fluid to determine if cells are cancerous

51
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Using chemicals to try to kill rapidly dividing (cancerous) cells

52
Q

Radiation therapy

A

Focusing beams of reactive particles at a tumor to kill the dividing cells

53
Q

Autosomes

A

Non-sex chromosome, of which there are 22 pairs in humans

54
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Any of the sex-determining chromosomes (X and Y in humans)

55
Q

Karyotype

A

The chromosomes of a cell, displayed with chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs and according to size

56
Q

Diploid cell

A

A cell containing homologous pairs of chormosomes

57
Q

Haploid

A

Describes cells containing only one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes; in humans, these cells are eggs and sperm

58
Q

Rh Factor

A

Surface molecule found on some red blood cells.

59
Q

nondisjunction

A

The failure of members of a homologous pair of chromosomes to separate from each other during meiosis

60
Q

X inactivation

A

The inactivation of one of two chromosomes in the XX female

61
Q

Pedigree

A

Family tree that follows the inheritance of a genetic trait for many generations

62
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

Powerful genetic identification technique that takes advantage of differences in DNA sequences between all people other than identical twins

63
Q

Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)

A

A DNA sequence that varies in number between individuals. Used during the process of DNA fingerprinting

64
Q

Gene

A

Discrete unit of heritable information about genetic triats. Consists of a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide - a protein or part of a protein

65
Q

Chromosome

A

Sub-cellular structure composed of a long single molecule of DNA and associated proteins, housed inside the nucleus

66
Q

Mutation

A

Change to a DNA sequence that may result in the production of altered proteins

67
Q

Alleles

A

Alternate versions of the same gene, produced by mutations

68
Q

Segregation

A

Separation of pairs of alleles during the production of gametes/ Results in a 50% probability that a given gamete contains one allele rather than the other

69
Q

Independent assortment

A

The separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes into gametes independently of one another during meiosis

70
Q

Immortal

A

Property of cancer cells that allows them to divide more times than normal cells

71
Q

Random Fertilization

A

The unpredictability of exactly which gametes willl fuse dirng the process of sexual reproduction

72
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Fraternal twins (non-identical) that develop when two different sperm fertilize two different egg cells.

73
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic composition of an individual

74
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical and physiological traits of an individual

75
Q

Heterozygous

A

Genotype containing two different alleles of a gene

76
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two copies of the same allele of a gene

77
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

A type of inheritance where the heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate to both homozygotes

78
Q

Punnett Square

A

Table that lists the different kinds of sperm or eggs parents can produce relative to the gene or genes in question and predicts the possible outcomes of a cross between these parents.

79
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

A genetic cross involving the alleles of two different genes. For example AaBb x AaBb

80
Q

Quantitative trait

A

Trait that produces phenotypes in distinct categories

81
Q

Polygenic Trait

A

A trait influenced by many genes

82
Q

Heritability

A

The amount of variation for a trait in a population that can be explained by differences in genes among individuals

BIO 100 (1 decks)

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