Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the representation of women in media characters?
Approximately 2/3 of media characters are men
Women are underrepresented in media portrayals.
How much screen time do female characters receive compared to male characters in top grossing films?
Female characters received only about half of the screen time as male characters
This was highlighted in a 2015 study.
What is the societal expectation for women’s physical appearance in media?
Must be young to be attractive, avoid gray hair/wrinkles, and have an unattainable body type
This body type is usually very tall, very thin, small-hipped, and large-breasted.
What poses are female models typically placed in compared to male models in advertisements?
Female models are frequently placed in more passive poses than male models
Male models are often in action poses and positioned in front or at a higher level.
What is the impact of social comparison theory on body image?
Average-sized women experience upward social comparison and a resulting sense of body dissatisfaction when comparing themselves to thin media models
This includes concepts of upward and downward comparison.
How are housewives and mothers portrayed in media?
Minimized business roles, dependent on men, obsessed with cleanliness, and often depicted as socially aggressive
They are portrayed as not making important decisions.
What stereotypes are associated with male portrayals in media?
Calm, self-confident, high achievers but incompetent with children and housework
More signs of age are accepted for men than for women.
What is the ‘supermom’ myth?
The belief that mothers can do it all with few difficulties
This myth is prevalent in media portrayals.
What are the stages of minority portrayals in media?
Non-recognition, exclusion, ridicule, regulation, respect
These stages reflect how minorities are represented over time.
How are African Americans represented in media?
Underrepresented in most TV genres, often portrayed as criminals or entertainers
Their absence is noted in high-level creative and network ownership positions.
What are common stereotypes of Latinx characters in media?
Disproportionately lower class, criminal, inarticulate, and poor
They are often portrayed through stereotypes like the harlot or buffoon.
What is the portrayal of Native Americans in media?
Stereotyped as bloodthirsty savages or loveable sidekicks, with tribal identity largely absent
Modern portrayals are limited and often negative.
What is the model minority stereotype regarding Asian Americans?
Portrayed as better at adapting to mainstream culture and succeeding academically, commercially, and socially
This stereotype can create pressure to succeed and ignore issues within the group.
What are common negative portrayals of Arabs and Arab Americans in media?
Portrayed as terrorists, wealthy oil sheiks, or villains; women depicted as oppressed
These portrayals often ignore the diversity among Arab Americans.
What percentage of speaking roles in TV/film are held by sexual minorities?
Only 2-5% of speaking roles are for lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons
Less than 1% depict transgender persons.
How are older adults represented in media?
One of the most underrepresented demographics, often depicted as sexless or narrow-minded
Only 3% of TV characters are over 65 despite them being 13% of the population.
What are common stereotypes of individuals with physical disabilities in media?
Portrayed as bitter or supercrip, often played by non-disabled actors
Less than 2% of TV characters represent those with physical disabilities.
What is the common religious representation in U.S. media?
Very little portrayal of religious life; often characters are shallow or hypocritical
90% of Americans believe in God, yet only 5% of characters depict religious beliefs.
What are the types of advertising?
Product ads, service ads, goodwill advertising, public-service announcements, political advertising
Each type has different goals and methods of persuasion.
What are the components of psychological appeals in advertising?
Belief, affect, behavior
These components are integral to how ads influence consumers.
What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)?
It describes two routes of processing messages: central and peripheral
Central processing involves careful consideration, while peripheral processing is based on superficial cues.
What constitutes deceptive advertising according to the FTC?
Contains a statement or omission likely to mislead a reasonable consumer
Deceptive is not the same as false; it can involve implications.
What is subliminal advertising?
Briefly presented visual stimuli below the threshold for perception
Can influence attitudes in specific laboratory conditions, but not in normal settings.
At what age do children begin to understand the persuasive intent of advertisements?
Understanding begins at age 7-8, with most by age 11
Younger children do not grasp the intent behind ads.
