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WFS 501 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of pollinators

A

insects: bees, wasps, flies
vertebrate pollinators: hummingbirds

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2
Q

What is the most diverse organism on Earth?

A

insects

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3
Q

Characteristics of honey bees

A

eurosocial
nest in tree cavities
make honey
barbed stinger

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4
Q

Other non-honey bee characteristics

A

most solitary
70% nest in ground
most do NOT make honey
most can’t sting

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5
Q

Threats to honeybees

A

pyrethroids

limited floral resources: low quality/diversity hurts the immune systems

Parasites/pathogens: makes them vulnerable

Neonicotinoids

EBI fungicides: have more detrimental impact on bees than we realized

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6
Q

Example of value of bees

A

wild bees contribute to strawberry quality. berries that are low-grade are usually not fully pollinated

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7
Q

T/F: pesticides hurt bee immune systems

A

true

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8
Q

Why is aquatic health important?

A

Covers ~70% of world surface

Home to ~20% of all species

The ocean hold 50 times more oxygen that our atmosphere

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9
Q

Habitat specialist

A

animals that thrive in specific environmental conditions and depend on a narrow range of resources or habitats (e.g. hellbender)

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10
Q

Types of habitat destruction

A

dam construction

agriculture

logging/deforestation

dredging

cruises

introduction of invasives

human traffic

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11
Q

What milk uses the most water?

A

cow’s milk

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12
Q

What are cephalopods?

A

squid, octopuses, cuttlefish

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13
Q

What is an anatomic pathologist?

A

a medical specialist who diagnoses diseases by examining tissues, organs, and body fluids

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14
Q

Which plant milk is most sustainable?

A

soy

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15
Q

Process of nutrient pollution

A

increase in nitrates and phosphates –> increase in algae and aquatic plants –> decrease in oxygen and water quality

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16
Q

How do farms impact water quality?

A

Farm runoff: fertilizers, manure from cattle

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17
Q

What percent of plastics get recycled each year?

A

9%

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18
Q

What is the most common form of marine litter?

A

cigarette butts

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19
Q

What is the most common form of litter in freshwater?

A

household trash/fast food wrappers

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20
Q

What are some other things that impact water quality?

A

Sewage and wastewater

Nuclear power plants

Oil drilling

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21
Q

Thermal injury

A

the heat that is caused (usually by things like nuclear plants) creates negative impacts for aquatic life in those areas

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22
Q

Bioaccumulation vs. Biomagnification

A

Bioaccumulation: pollutant becomes more and more concentrated within an animal

Biomagnification: pollutant gets into a smaller species, then a bigger species, and then eventually in the apex predators (moving up the food chain)

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23
Q

Coral bleaching

A

Caused by increase in temperature

Runoff and pollution

Overexposure to sunlight

Extreme low tides

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24
Q

T/F: overfishing is one of the most significant drivers of decline in ocean populations

A

true

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25
Characterstics of the Red Snapper
Fished to near extinction Smaller now Used to be able to live up to 54 years, now mostly live to only 10 years Fewer eggs
26
Define bycatch
when trying to catch one species but other species get caught in the net
27
Toxoplasmosis
Main host: cats Protozoal parasite that cat releases in feces, goes into environment and infect other species Infects sea/river otters
28
Avian influenza
Has recently killed off a bunch of sea lions Can infect and cause significant disease in marine animals
29
What is wildlife services?
mission is to provide Federal leadership in resolving human-wildlife conflicts. Focuses on human health and safety, agriculture, property, and natural resources
30
What are some of the wildlife services' operational activities?
technical assistance direct assistance disease monitoring/management research and development
31
What are some methods for resolving human/wildlife conflict?
Behavior Modification Exclusion Habitat Alteration Population Management Education
32
What is rabies?
one of the oldest recorded diseases attacks CNS and potentially infects all mammals highest fatality rate of any diesease 2.5 deaths per year in U.S. 2003-2024
33
How can rabies be transmitted?
primary exposure: bite or scratch from infected animal (saliva) secondary exposure: contact between infectious material and open wound (brain matter, spinal cord)
34
The rabies virus is NOT found in ______.
blood urine feces skunk spray
35
What is the report of cases of rabies each year?
5,000 reported cases with 90% in wildlife
36
Common symptoms of rabies in wildlife
behavioral changes (aggressive or docile) nocturnal animals out during the day paralysis of throat (Drool and strange vocalization) change in motion **animal that appear healthy may still have rabies ** incubation period is 3-15 weeks
37
What animal currently is having an increase in rabies and its spread?
raccoons
38
What can managing rabies protect?
human health animal health/food supply biodiversity economics
39
What are the 2 phases wildlife services has come up with to manage the rabies virus?
phase 1: prevent spread of specific rabies variants in carnivores phase 2: eliminate specific rabies variants at the local, regional, and national level
40
What coordinated efforts have taken places to survey rabies in raccoons?
baiting efforts
41
What is the test used for rabies?
dRIT
42
What are some actions triggers for rabies cases?
beyond ORV zone beyond but near ORV zone "hotspots" within an ORV zone
43
What is the economic cost of managing rabies within the U.S.?
exceeds $300-$450 million annually
44
Hydrorabon is a ______.
traditional toxicant
45
clathrate
term used ot describe the structural organization of host molecules around a guest molecule
46
How is water solubility reported?
Reported in mg/L, mol/L or g/m^3
47
Octanol-water partition coefficient
Defined as the ratio of a chemical’s concentration in octanol to its concentration in water NOT the same as the ratio of solubility in octanol to the solubility of the chemical in water because the two phases are actually octanol-saturated water and water-saturated octanol
48
Define bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation: process whereby a chemical concentration in an aquatic organism achieves a level that exceeds that in water
49
What is the bioaccumulation factors (BAF) formula?
BAF = C organism / C water
50
Have microplastics been recorded to transfer up to the food chain to human exposure?
no
51
Are microplastics toxic?
no
52
Primary v.s. secondary microplastics
primary: produced secondary: fragments
53
Toxicant presence ____ equal bioavailability.
does NOT
54
Define disease
a condition that impairs normal function
55
How is disease measured?
in terms of impairment of function rather than death of individual
56
T/F: symptoms is an appropriate term to describe wildlife health
false
57
Factors that may cause disease are either ____ or ____.
intrinsic: inherited defect extrinsic: virus, contaminant
58
What is the difference between an infection and a disease?
infection: pathogen disease: response to pathogen
59
Define pathology
absence from normal
60
What is a pathogen?
organism that is capable of causing disease (viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites)
61
What are the two things that impact disease?
human driven impact nature driven impact
62
Incidence v.s. prevalence
Incidence: number of new cases of infection/disease occurring during a fixed period of time divided by the number of animals at risk of becoming infected or developing the disease during that time Prevalence: a measure of how many animals are infected or have the disease at a point in time (snapshot)
63
What do we sample for?
Antibodies: looking for past/recent exposure Antigen: looking for the pathogen Toxin/chemical: measuring concentration (chronic vs. recent exposure) Type of disease: new, re-emerging, emerging Patterns of disease (enzootic, Epizootic): number of cases that occur over a time period relative to the number of cases that would be expected or that would “normally” occur during that period
64
Enzootic v.s. epizootic
Enzootic: occurs regularly and is predictable, to be expected at a certain rate in a population/area Epizootic: occurs a t a time or place where it is no expected or at a rate that is greater than expected based on past experience

WFS 501 (2 decks)

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