bladder(cystitis) urethra(urethritis) prostate(prostatitis) sx: localized urinary sx > dysuria, frequency

kidneys(pyelonephritis) tissue between kidney tubules(interstitial nephritis) sx: systemic sx > fever, flank pain

Exam 2 Flashcards by Megan Oliveira

Lower UTI

bladder(cystitis)
urethra(urethritis)
prostate(prostatitis)
sx: localized urinary sx > dysuria, frequency

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Upper UTI

kidneys(pyelonephritis)
tissue between kidney tubules(interstitial nephritis)
sx: systemic sx > fever, flank pain

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3 Common Risk Factors for Kidney Stones

dehydration
high dietary intake of certain minerals (oxalates, purines)
family hx
UTIs can contribute too

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Pathophys of benign prostatic hyperplasia

noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland due to hyperplasia of glandular & stromal tissues and hormonal changes in aging men

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How does BPH lead to urinary sx

compression on urethra obstructs urine flow and leads to:
* hesitancy
* weak stream
* incomplete bladder emptying

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2 Types of Urinary Incontinence & Primary Cause

Stress incontinence: involuntary loss of urine during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure
due to weakened pelvic floor muscles
Urge incontinence: sudden,sstrong urge to urinate followed by involuntary leakage
due to hyperactive detrusor muscle contractions

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Physio of MS

progressive immune-related disease characterised by demyelination of CNS > disrupts nerveimpulse conduction

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Common Early Manifestations of MS

fatigue
weakness
numbness
visual disturbances
difficulty w/ coordination & balance

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Primary Difference between T1DM & T2DM

T1DM: beta cells are destroyed by autoimmune process > deficiency/absence of endogenous insulin
T2DM: combination of insulin resistance & impaired insuin secretion from pancreas(beta cells)

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3 P’s Associatedd w/ Hyperglycemia in DM

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
weight loss can also occur, especially w/ T1DM

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Hyperthyroidism

sustained increase in synthesis of T3 & T4 by thyroid gland
- often w/ low/undetectable TSH level

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Hypothyroidism

insufficient production of thyroid hormones
- often high TSH and low T3 & T4

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Physio Factors that Contribute to Development of Obesity

hormonal & neurochemical dysregulation (leptin resistance > ineffective satiety signals)
insulin resistance (promote fat storage)
increased ghrelin (stimulating hunger)

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Most common cause of UTIs & how does it lead to infection

bacteria (especially E. coli) ascend urethra and colonize in bladder

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Clinical Manifestations w/ urolithiasis (kidney stones)

secere, colicky flank pain (may radiate to lower abd. & groin)
hematuria
dysuria
nausea/vomiting

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Risk Factors for Developing Urinary Incontinence

Aging: decresed bladder elasticity & muscle tone
Obesity: increased intra-abdominal pressure
Neurological conditions: disruption of nerve signals controlling bladder function

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Main Categories of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Prerenal: decreased blood flow to kidneys
Intrarenal: direct damage to kidney tissue
Postrenal: obstruction of urinary outflow

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Key Lab findings indicating AKI

elevated serum creatinine ( > 1.2 mg/dL)
decreased urine output ( < 0.5 mL/kg/hour for 6+ hours)

Onset and Reversibility of AKI

sudden onset (hours - days)
potentially reversible if cause is identified and treated promptly

Onset and Reversibility of CKD

develops over months - years
progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function

What is Hemodialysis

renal replacement therapy that removes waste, electrolytes, and excess fluids from blood using dialysis machine

Main Types of Vascular Access for Hemodialysis

Arteriovenous (AV) fistula
Arteriovenous (AV) graft

Important Dietary Restrictions for a Hemodialysis pt.

limit sodium intake: help manage fluid overload & BP
restrict potassium intake prevent hyperkalemia
limit phosphorus intake: prevent hyperphosphatemia & associated bone disease

Key components of focused neurological assessment w/ suspected stroke

facial drooping - asymmetry smiling/talking
arm drift/weakness

Decorticate vs. Decerebrate posturing

* **Decorticate:** flexion of arms towards *core* - indicates lesion above midbrain * **Decerebrate:** extension & external rotation of arms & legs - suggests more severe lesion at/below midbrain

Common Manifestations of Myasthenia Gravis

Involve ocular muscles - diplopia(double visions) & ptosis(drooping eyelid)

Underlying cause of sx in MG

antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junction > impaired nerve impulse transmission to muscles

Typical progression in Guillain-Barre syndrome

weakness starts in LE and ascends - onset most often follows a viral infection

Dementia vs. Delirium

**Dementia:** gradual, progressive decline in cognitive function over months-years **Delirium:** sudden onset(hours-days) characterized by fluctuating levels of consciousness & impaired attention

Pathological findings in the brain associated w/ Alzheimer's disease

**Accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques** abnormal protein deposits between nerve cells **Neurofibrillary tangles** twisted fibers of protein inside nerve cells

Cardinal Motor Sx of Parkinson's

* tremor * rigidity/stiffness * bradykinesia(slow movement) * postural instability

Essential Nursing Interventons to Ensure Safety of Pt. in Tonic-Clonic Seizure

* protect head * position on side & maintain open airway * time seizure (if > 5 minutes = requires emergency intervention)

Typical Presentation of Bell's Palsy & Presumed Cause

* unilateral facial weakness/paralysis * thought to be related to viral infection & inflammation of facial nerve (CN VII)

Nursing Consideration for Bell's Palsy

Eye care on affected side

Significance of HbA1c test in Management of Diabetes

reflects avg. BG over past 2-3 mo. by measuring percentage of Hgb that has glucose - crucial tool for assessing long-term glycemic control & effectiveness of diabetes treatment plans

Recommendations for Nutritional Therapy in Pt. w/ Diabetes

* control total caloric intake * emphasize consumption of health carbohydrates (whole grains, fruit, veg)

Adrenergic Sx that may occur during hypoglycemia

release of epinephrine triggers: * sweating * tremors * tachycardia/palpitations * nervousness * hunger

CNS Sx that may occur during hypoglycemia

glucose deprivation in brain causes: * inability to concentrate * headache * confusion * memory lapse * slurred speech * drowsiness

What is Graves' Disease

autoimmune disorder, body produces antibodies that stimulate thyroid gland to produce & secrete excesssive amounts of T3 & T4 - most common cause of hyperthyroidism

Common Clinical Manifestations of Hypothyroidism

* fatigue & lethargy * cold intolerance * unexplained weight gain, despite decreased appetite

Leptin Resistance contribution to Obesity

Leptin = satiety Leptin resistance = continued feelings of hunger

5 F's commonly associated w/ cholelithiasis

* **F**emale - hormonal influence * **F**at - obesity * **F**orty - age-related changes * **F**ertile - pregnancy & hormone therapy * **F**air - caucasian

Nursing Intervention for Pt. PostOp Lap Chole

encourage early ambulation to reduce gas pain caused from CO2 used in procedure