exam 2 Flashcards
characteristics of IDS
high pitch
pitch modulation
high affect
slow speed
clear vowels
IDS universal?
all cultures do it in some form
nativism support: universal phenomenon
pros of IDS
babies prefer it, makes them more attentive, learn better because they are focused
two more pros of IDS
simplification and variability
phonology
study of all sounds of all world’s languages
geminate
long or doubled consonant sound within a word
articulatory constraints
difficulty making sounds without something like teeth, need for more development
classification of speech sounds
Voiced/voiceless sounds
Place of articulation
Mode of articulation
how do we make voiced/voiceless sounds different
vibrations against vocal chords
how do we change articulation
tongue against teeth
how do we change mode of articulation
airflow/trill
protowords
between babbling and production of real words
stark stage 1 age
newborn
stark stage 1
crying and vegetative sounds
vegetative sounds
noise coming from a physical origin, not intended for communication
stark stage 2 age
6-8 weeks
stark stage 2
cooing and laughter, real smile
stark stage 3 age
16-30 weeks
stark stage 3
vocal play/expansion
examples of vocal play and expansion
more fun
play with themselves, repetitive sounds, screaming/testing volume
consonant and vowel pairing
why is mama a common word for infants
does not require articulatory effort and is a repetitive CV pattern
stark stage 4 age
6-9 months
stark stage 4
reduplicated babble and canonical babbling
reduplicated babble
CV patterns like dada and mama
stark stage 5 age
12 months
stark stage 5
non reduplicated and variegated babble
non reduplicated babble
free style or mixed babble
playing with pitch/stress/prosody
prosody
rhythm, stress, intonation patterns for conveying emotion, emphasis, and sentence structure
what affects non reduplicated babble
what babies hear around them including dialects and pronunciations
where does babble come from SIDE 1
product of developing motor system, shared components across language, rhythmic alternation between open and closed mouth position
how is babbling universal
similar babbling due to vowel sounds and open and closed mouth, vowels will resemble one another but consonants change with language
where does babble come from SIDE 2
influenced by target language, not going to look the same universally
same language babble similarity
same language babble is more similar than other language babble at same age
deaf baby babble
do not produce same sequences, proof that it is not maturational
what does babble overlap with
first words
lexicon
mental list of words
what does lexicon include
lexeme and lemma
lexeme
word’s form
lemma
meaning and information on how the word combines with other words/morphemes and as nouns/verbs/gender
segmentation problem
finding the words within a speech stream, distinguishing between start and end words
heuristics to segment
changing pitch, longer pauses, phonotactics
phonotactics
language specific constraints on allowable consecutive sounds within a specific word
Japanese language constraints
CVCV structure, no real consonant clusters
loan words and language constraints
altered to fit the constraints of the new language
English signals of word breaks examples
mrak hall, m rak hall, mr is not typically an allowable English consonant string
segmentation cues
single words
ends of utterances
statistics about syllable to syllable production
frequent words (baby’s name)
stress patterns
typical sound sequences
mapping problem
learning meaning of a noun through speech segmentation and identification
quine’s problem
what does random word refer to? (like bunny in field)
quine’s problem phenomenon
when we hear a new label, we assume it refers to a whole object and not to a smaller feature
taxonomic assumption
assume that new word applies to objects of same kind (category) than to thematically related objects
taxonomic assumption example
extend dog to different dog breeds rather than dog’s food and leash
statistical constraints
a ball and a bat, don’t know what is what. a ball and a dog, know dog, assume other is ball
mutual exclusivity
if you already have a label for something, you will assign all other labels to other items > no double labeling
what overrides mutual exclusivity
subcategories (dog and beagle), whole-part relationships (dog and tail)
shape bias
children come equipped with shape bias to extend categories on the basis of shape over another feature (biased towards function)
material bias
things can be made of different materials, override shape bias to understand material and shape are different things
generalization of nonsolids
“some” signals that it is not solid
generalization of shapes
“a” signals that it is solid
attentional bias
shape bias and solid things are more closely associated than non solid and material things
