Exam 2 Flashcards by Zoe Winterbottom

T/F - Contingencies refer to the correlation between only behaviors.

False

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The two primary types of contingencies that may affect speech-language development are Neurophysiologic and _________.

Environmental

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A-B-C Contingencies describe the relationship between:
Antecedent stimuli
Behaviors
Consequence stimuli
All of the above

All of the above

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Explain what FBA stands for and what it is used for?

FBA = Functional Behavior Analysis
Aims to identify possible contingencies between a behavior and its maintaining antecedent and consequence stimuli

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Variables that serve as signals that reinforcement may be available for engaging in an undesirable behavior is __________.
Stimuli
Motivating Operants
Discriminative Stimuli
Environmental Stimuli

Discriminative Stimuli

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T/F - A motivating operation is what precipitates an undesirable behavior.

True

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FBA seeks to answer the question(s) of:
What is the behavior of concern?
What antecedent variables precipitate the behavior?
How is the behavior reinforced?
A & C
All of the above

All of the above

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A consequence that increases a behavior is ________.
Negative Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Automatic Reinforcement
None of the above

Positive Reinforcement

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T / F – Automatic reinforcement is dependent upon the mediation of another person and doesn’t include self-stimulating behaviors

False

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Which of these is not an indirect observation method of data collection?
Questionnaires
Watching the client in the situation where behavior occurs
Clinical interviews
Checklists

Watching the client in the situation where behavior occurs

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In A-B-C recordings, _______ help to determine the time of day when a behavior is most likely to occur.
Scatterplots
Interval Recording
Reinforcement Schedules
Behavior Frequency Charts

Scatterplots

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The process of testing hypotheses about the functions of undesirable behaviors refers to…
Applied Behavior Analysis
Behavior Modification
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Functional Analysis

Functional Analysis

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Asking clients and significant others questions, clinical interviews, checklists, and questionnaires are all a part of what?
Direct observation
Slight observation
Indirect observation
None of the above

Indirect observation

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T/F The four conditions to experimentally examine the functions of behavior include contingent attention, escape, alone and free play.

True

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Non-preferred task is terminated contingent upon undesirable behavior is _________.
Contingent attention
Contingent escape
Free Play
None of the above

Contingent escape

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________ attention: providing attention as a ______ each time the client engages in undesirable behavior.
Selective; antecedent
Divided; consequence
Contingent; consequence
None of the above

Contingent; consequence

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What are the applications to verbal behavior, specifically in FBA?
Manipulation of motivating operations, discriminative stimuli, and consequences determine the nature of the verbal response
Determine maintaining principles of verbal behaviors
Determine which verbal operant a communicative behavior
All of the above

All of the above

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T / F: Verbal Operants describe how clients make requests, protests, comment about things, repeat the behavior of others, respond to questions and statements of communication partner, and use grammar skills

True

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Which of the following is not an example of automatic sensory reinforcement?
Spinning
Rocking
Food Textures
Receiving a High-Five

Receiving a High-Five

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The student correctly pronounced the /sh/ sound correctly in wish and was allowed to play with a toy car for 2 minutes. What form of reinforcement is this
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement

Positive reinforcement

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Dr. Lawton was caught speeding home from class and received a 50$ fine. What form of reinforcement is this
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement

Positive Punishment

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Rebecca didn’t study for her Cognitive and Behavioral exam and received a bad grade. Her parents decide to take away her screen time for the following week. What type of reinforcement is this?
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement

Negative Punishment

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Because you didn’t wear green on St. Patricks day people pinched you. So next year you wore green so you wouldn’t get pinched. What type of reinforcement is this
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

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Evan’s mom went shopping for groceries and picked up healthy options for him. Evan really wanted Fruity Pebbles. His mother bought Cherrios. Evan began throwing himself on the floor, kicking and screaming. Evan’s mother keeps on shopping ignoring the tantrum. Evan’s mom’s shopping is the —?
Antecedent
Behavior
Consequence

Antecedent

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Evan’s mom went shopping for groceries and picked up healthy options for him. Evan really wanted Fruity Pebbles. His mother bought Cherrios. Evan began throwing himself on the floor, kicking and screaming. Evan’s mother keeps on shopping ignoring the tantrum. Evan’s mom leaving is the ---? Antecedent Behavior Consequence

Consequence

Evan’s mom went shopping for groceries and picked up healthy options for him. Evan really wanted Fruity Pebbles. His mother bought Cherrios. Evan began throwing himself on the floor, kicking and screaming. Evan’s mother keeps on shopping ignoring the tantrum. Evan’s tantrum is the ---? Antecedent Behavior Consequence

Behavior

FBA can help in manipulating which of the following, check all that apply Discriminating stimuli Motivating operations Consequences Positive reinforcement

Discriminating stimuli Motivating operations Consequences

Is language analysis an appropriate assessment tool TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Covert behavior is only observed by individuals within True False

True

Overt behavior is observed by other individuals True False

True

Assessment of verbal operants observe clients' behavior True False

False

Assessment of verbal operants describes how clients make requests, protest, comment about things, repeat the behavior of others, respond to questions and statements of communication partners, and use grammar skills. True False

True

Everyone likes coffee which makes it a good reinforcer. True False

False

What does DTT stand for?

Discrete trial training

What is a discrete trial?

An instructional designed to teach a specific skill

What is the purpose of Discrete Trial Training (DTT)?

To help with children with autism learn specific skills in a structured way

What is a discriminative stimulus (SD) in DTT?

A stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced

What is an example of positive punishment in DTT?

Giving corrective feedback for an incorrect response

What is a stimulability test?

Attempt to evoke a correct response production of identified possible target behaviors through any necessary prompt

Which of the following is not a key component of a discrete trial? The Antecedent The Response The Reinforcer The Homework Assignment

The Homework Assignment

A client does not respond correctly to an antecedent. What should the clinician do next?

Consider modifying the antecedent, providing additional instruction or demonstration

The discriminative stimulus (SD) in DTT is designed to:

Signal that reinforcement is available for a correct response

What is fading, and why is it important?

Fading means slowly removing stimuli or prompts. It is essential to do so because we do not want target behaviors to become dependent on stimuli, and the behavior needs to be functional.

What is the main goal of prompt fading?

To gradually reduce special stimuli so the client does not become prompt-dependent

What is modeling?

When a clinician demonstrates the target behavior, the client imitates

Why is data collection important in DTT?

It helps determine the effectiveness of reinforcement and prompting strategies

What is the most commonly used form of positive punishment in DTT?

Corrective Feedback

When a client can not produce acceptable form of the target behavior when provided with antecedent based support, this is called…

Shaping

Teaching the first component of the target behavior and then gradually including subsequent components is referred to as…

Forward chaining

What is the purpose of probe procedures in DTT?

To assess generalization of learned skills

What is an example of preference assessment?

Interview

What is the difference between forward chaining and backward chaining?

Forward Chaining is teaching the first component of the target behavior and then gradually including other components, while backward chaining is teaching the last component of the target behavior.

What is another type of verbal prompt that can be used with clients who exhibit communicative disorders?

phonemic cues

What is the correct order of the prompt hierarchy from least-to-most prompting method?

natural, gestural, verbal, visual/picture, model, partial/physical, full physical

Define successive approximations of the target behavior

The clinician outlines the intermediary responses that will receive reinforcement during the shaping procedure.

What is the significance of task analysis in speech-language therapy, and how can it enhance treatment outcomes?

Task analysis breaks down complex behaviors into manageable components, making it easier for clinicians to teach and reinforce each step. This structured approach can enhance treatment outcomes by ensuring that clients understand and master each part of a target behavior before progressing.

In order to prevent prompt dependence, the clinician should use what kind of prompts to help promote the client’s independence?

Tactile-kinesthetic prompts

Using preferred activities to reinforce less frequent behaviors by using first/then or if/then refers to what?

Premack Principle

On the hierarchy of prompts, which type of prompt is considered least independent and most intrusive?

Full physical

What kind of Visual prompt would use pointing, singing, or motioning

Gestural prompts

Which tool would you use while using textual prompts:

Sentence strips, written instructions, scripts, checklists

Explain the difference between unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers and their implications for speech-language therapy.

Unconditioned reinforcers, such as food and water, naturally increase behavior without prior learning, while conditioned reinforcers gain value through association with other reinforcers. Understanding this distinction allows clinicians to effectively select and implement reinforcers that are accommodated to individual client needs, enhancing motivation and engagement.

How does shaping facilitate the learning of new behaviors in clients, and what role does reinforcement play in this process?

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior, allowing clients to gradually learn complex skills. Reinforcement is essential as it encourages clients to continue progressing toward the terminal behavior by acknowledging each step they successfully achieve.

What is a way that you can draw the client's attention to the target behavior?

Vocal emphasis

What is a partial verbal prompt that provides the client with the first phoneme of the target response?

Phonemic Cues

What type of prompting includes anything that the client can see that increases the probability that they will produce a target response?

Visual prompts

What skill(s) must a client have to complete modeling with required imitation?

Motivation, motor skills, joint attention, participation

Altering naturally occurring antecedent stimuli altogether to encourage a behavioral change in the client’s environment, such as using preferred items in a close area but out of reach, refers to what?

Stimulus Manipulations

T/F informative feedback gives clients information based on their performance on a specific target behavior

True

T/F Schedules of reinforcement specify the number of correct responses, amount of elapsed time, or number of different responses needed prior to earning a reinforcer.

True

T/F Intermittent schedules of reinforcement are based on the number of correct responses exhibited by the client

False

Preference assessments help determine potential reinforcers to use with individual clients. Give an example of a preference assessment.

Interview Direct observation Assessment trials

What schedule of reinforcement is used when a client receives a reinforcer after every correct response?

Continuous schedule of reinforcement

T/F Avoidance occurs when the client engages in a specific behavior to avoid the aversive stimulus altogether

True

T/F: Backward chaining is when the clinician teaches the first component of the target behavior and then gradually includes subsequent components.

False- this is referring to forward chaining

a client is working on an articulation disorder of the speech sound “th.” The client correctly articulates the th sound and the clinician says to the client “good. You put your tongue between your teeth when saying the th sound.” This is a type of _____ feedback?

Informative

Money chips, stickers, and points are examples of ________ reinforcers used during therapy sessions.

Conditioned

Interviews, direct observations, and assessment trials are all examples of _________ assessments

Preference assessments

T/F Fixed ratios provide a reinforcer after a determined number of correct responses

True

Negative reinforcement is the process of ______ a stimulus contingent upon a behavior to increase its future occurrence

Removing

In _____________, the clinician teaches the first component of the target behavior and then gradually includes subsequent components

Forward chaining

What is the process where the clinician guides the client’s motor movements through production of a target response? (example: hand over hand)

Manual guidance

The process of removing prompts in therapy so that they are less invasive and that our clients don't become dependent on them is what

Fading

T/F The clinician should rely on prompts more early on in therapy versus later on in their treatment

True

_______ kinesthetic includes the use of physical contact in order to help the client engage in the target behavior

Tactile