exam 2 Flashcards

Question

How do teens gain autonomy?

Answer 1

Adults relinquish control in areas where teens can make reasonable decisions and guide them when knowledge is limited

Answer 2

Behavioural and psychological

Answer 3

setting rules and limits on child's activities; high behavioural control is linked to less delinquency and higher teen self-disclosure

Answer 4

attempting to influence thoughts, feelings and attachment to the parent; high psychological control = internalizing problems & less self-disclosure. It is also invasive and interrupts development of competence and autonomy

Answer 5

true: perhaps because they spend less time together

Answer 6

false: with their mothers

Answer 7

1. secure 2. dismissing/avoidant 3. preoccupied/ambivalent 4. unresolved/disorganized

Answer 8

- increased social competence - increased self-esteem - increased emotional adjustment - increased physical health - decreased problem behaviours

Answer 9

- less parental influence - violent and aggressive behaviour

Answer 10

- high degree of attachment seeking behaviour - angry feelings - socially withdrawn

Answer 11

- high level of fear - disoriented - prone to behaviour disorders

Answer 12

false: 40%

Answer 13

- academic problems - externalized problems (acting out and delinquency) - internalized problems (anxiety and depression) - have less competence intimate relationships - be less socially responsible - take drugs and hang out with weirdos - become sexually active earlier - have lower self-esteem

Answer 14

- amount of hostility - amount of change in child's life - the nature of the parent-child relationship - the age of the child at the time of divorce

Answer 15

the uncertainty in stepfamilies about who is in or out of the family and who is performing/responsible for certain tasks in the family system

Answer 16

false: up to 5

Answer 17

the biological parent, at least in the early years

Answer 18

Refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. Includes norms, behaviours and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other.

Answer 19

A set of expectations that prescribed how people should look, act, think and feel. It is contextually variable

Answer 20

The process by which children come to take on the gender roles expected in their society. The theories emphasize biology, socialization and/or cognition.

Answer 21

alpha bias: research that overestimates differences beta bias: research that underestimates differences

Answer 22

- prenatal hormones (such as exposure to testosterone) - hormonal changes during adolescence - genetics

Answer 23

- genetic condition that causes the adrenal gland to overproduce androgens - in girls: genitals develop in masculine direction, play more with boys, less sexual interest in men, etc

Answer 24

- the process through which children acquire their attitudes, beliefs, behaviour and skills that their parents and peers find appropriate - direct and indirect praise or criticism for behaviour that is gender appropriate or not - evidence of gender socialization before the age of 3

Answer 25

children learn through: - observations of males and females and the consequences they receive for that behaviour - self-efficacy: how successful individuals think they will be children become self-motivated to conforms to gender norms

Answer 26

- the processes of thinking and understanding that are critical to the development of gender roles - seek to explain cognitive processes that produce gender identity and typing

Answer 27

Children’s changing understanding of gender affects their gender-related behaviour. * At age 2-3 years - children label themselves as boys or girls (self- labeling) * By age 6-7 they understand that gender remains stable over time (gender stability) and it is consistent across situations despite changes in appearance (gender consistency) * Therefore, they develop a Gender Identity and give more attention to their own-gender information

Answer 28

information process approach 1. children prefer their own group and think of it as better 2. they pay more attention to info about their own gender and remember it better 3. children are more likely to recall gender-stereotypic info

Answer 29

- puberty intensifies the sexual aspects of teens gender attitudes and behaviour - there is increased socialization pressures to conform to more traditional/attractive masculine and feminine roles

Answer 30

the psychological distress that results from an incongruence between one's sex assigned at birth and one's gender identity

Answer 31

- focus on compliance - higher number of learning problems - more criticized - academic problems in Language Arts ignored - stereotype boys' behaviour as problematic - higher dropout rate

Answer 32

- diminished assertiveness - less attention socially and academically - get less instruction and help, less time to answer and less tries when wrong - girls have higher grades, but are less confident about perceived success in college - by middle school, girls self-esteem is significantly lower than boys - list fewer career options and less likely to go into STEM

Answer 33

- in men, part of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behaviour is larger. Same with parietal lobe (visuospatial skills) - female brains are smaller but have more folds

Answer 34

as early as 3 years old

Answer 35

- allows boys more independence and monitor girls more closely - have different achievement expectations - influenced by stereotypes in what activities they encourage and how they teach

Answer 36

children with an older sibling of the other gender hold less stereotypical views on gender compared to those with the same-gender older siblings

Answer 37

from age 3 forward, children choose to socialize predominantly with others of their own gender

Answer 38

nonconformists who are judged/excluded face negative social and psychological outcomes; peer group inclusivity matters!

Answer 39

false; boys

Answer 40

in contexts in which perceived danger is present and when they feel competent to help

Answer 41

children or teens who are about the same level in age, social status, maturity or level of functioning

Answer 42

true: their peers become the reference group

Answer 43

2-4x as many of their waking hours

Answer 44

86% of teens time

Answer 45

from grade 3-12; this parallels the decline in the degree of closeness, engagement and time-spent with parents and increase in conflict

Answer 46

- authoritative: better peer relationships; more parental connection - authoritarian: more limited independent decision making; extreme orientation toward peers; seek more advice/influence from peers - permissive/neglectful: use peers for advice, structure and support

Answer 47

the social custom of grouping teens based on their chronological age

Answer 48

A set of people that someone looks to for information about what to do and what constitutes doing well, as well as evaluative comments, reactions and praise.

Answer 49

1. normative: expected actions, attitudes and values 2. comparative: evaluating oneself relative to others

Answer 50

- similarity - status - social power

Answer 51

linked to delinquency, problem drinking, depression and academic difficulties

Answer 52

age 12-15 (grade 6-9)

Answer 53

- those who are uncertain about their social identity (low self-esteem, high social anxiety) - those who are experiencing transitions (elementary to middle school) - in the presence of someone with higher social status (admiration) or power (resources)

Answer 54

adolescents learn the symmetrical reciprocity mode of relationships

Answer 55

- rejection may lead to loneliness or hostility - hanging out with antisocial peers in adolescence was a stronger predictor of substance abuse than time spent with parents - high levels of antisocial peer involvement and higher rates of delinquency - deviant peer affiliation was related to adolescents' depressive symptoms

Answer 56

extent to which children and teens are liked or disliked, as determined by a study of the structure and connections of social groups (peer group nominations/votes)

Answer 57

1. average: receive an average number of positive and negative nominations 2. neglected: infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers 3. controversial: frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked

Answer 58

- strong social skills - prosocial behaviour - show enthusiasm and concern for others - listen carefully - maintain open lined of communication with peers - are positive and control their negative emotions

Answer 59

1. models: athletic, cool, leaders, cooperative, studious, unaggressive 2. tough: athletic, cool, disruptive, get into trouble, start fights

Answer 60

intentionally hurting someone's personal and social relationships (ridicule, exclusion, gossip)

Answer 61

1. rejected-aggressive: high in physical aggression, don't do nice things for others, have poor friendship adjustment, disruptive, hostile, anti-social 2. rejected-withdrawn: socially immature, timid, shy, lonely

Answer 62

false: during elementary school

Answer 63

1. impulsive, have trouble sustaining attention 2. emotionally reactive 3. fewer social skills in making friends and maintaining positive relationships

Answer 64

tendency to assume hostile intent in ambiguous actions and to responds with hostility

Answer 65

- think about social situations more logically and abstractly - have a more sophisticated understanding of how people function - can see more than one aspect of a social situation - can think about possibilities - become more aware of their psychology and how it affects others - have major advances in social perspective taking

Answer 66

- less able to generate alternative solutions to hypothetical problems to evaluate these solutions in terms of effectiveness - less likely to adaptively plan ahead - more likely to perceive another child's actions as hostile when it is ambiguous - more likely to respond more rapidly, less efficiently and less reflectively - less able to regulate emotion

Answer 67

true: popular stay popular and rejected stay rejected

Answer 68

A combination of techniques used to improve social skills (demonstration, modelling, discussion, reasoning, reinforcement)

Answer 69

1. education: awareness and commitment to address bullying 2. assessment: evaluate the extent of bullying 3. intervention: provide guidelines and tools to reduce bullying 4. policy: development of guidelines for ensuring children's rights to be safe and supported

Answer 70

1/5 reported physical violence, 1/10 reported sexual violence and 1/2 reported violence of some type

Answer 71

Some studies show equal levels of violence, while some show skewed towards females, however this may be due to the reporting bias. The largest gender discrepancy is in sexual dating violence with girls almost 3.5 times more likely than boys to report being victimized sexually, 20.2 vs 5.7

Answer 72

Minority youth because they are trying to fit in with the culture of the majority. In addition, teens who consume a lot of violent media believe aggression is more acceptable which is related to violence in romantic relationships.

Answer 73

increased media awareness & interventions which address the attitudes adolescents have regarding violent behavior

Answer 74

Having a program for teens does little if the surrounding families, teachers, schools and community do not have the supports to follow through on the programs and hold the same values for equitable relationships.

Answer 75

Psychological dating violence is actions meant to control or make a partner insecure causing psychological harm. Interventions that teach better communication skills and empathy for partners are needed to reduce psychological dating violence.

Answer 76

1. They carry the expectation that they will always be rejected 2. Be anxious/hostile in relationships or might avoid committed relationships altogether 3. Might not advocate for themselves in the relationship for fear of rejection

Answer 77

- Could role play - Help students connect with others based on common interests - Foster inclusionary attitudes and environments - Teach social skills and how to read cues - Teach strategies for emotional regulation

Answer 78

Teens attribute their self esteem and social status to their relationships. Therefore, when they experience a break up, they feel the loss of both their partner and their esteem/status. In addition, adolescent egocentrism (personal fable) leads to teens feeling like no one understands them, therefore making it difficult for them to seek help and empathy in dealing with the feelings of their breakup.

Answer 79

Going through a breakup as an adolescent proves to be a valuable experience and prepares the teen for future relationships; a 2006 study shows that teens who have gone through breakups in grade 10, report being in a more fulfilling relationship in grade 12.

Answer 80

They face many problems, such as stigma, discrimination, victimization, and possible family rejection. They are in need of companionship, emotional support and personal validation, which they can get from a romantic partner.

Answer 81

Interpersonal and intimacy skills are worked on more by girls during childhood than boys. Gendered differences in social development are magnified in same-sex relationships among adolescents: girls often describe their same-sex relationship originating from a close friendship that developed into a romantic partnership; alternatively, boys often describe their same-sex relationships developing from sexual liaisons

Answer 82

50% or more of Canadian students report being sexually experienced before the age of 16.5. (p. 339) by age 18, the proportion rose to roughly 85%

Answer 83

Penetrative sex is not the only form of sexual intercourse, nor does penetration necessarily = a meaningful sexual experience. This term implies only one form of sex leads to one becoming sexually experienced (penile-vaginal intercourse). Finally, this is a heteronormative definition which excludes same-sex intercourse options and diverse paths of experience.

Answer 84

as many as 6 in 10 boys have masturbated by age 13. by age 19 the figure is more like 85 or 90%. For girls, the estimates are much lower, about half of what they are for boys.

Answer 85

Masturbation Kissing Touching of breasts Touching of genitals Intercourse Oral sex

Answer 86

When they listen to recorded questions over headphones, and type their answers into a computer, a method called, Computer Assisted Self Interview (CASI)

Answer 87

- Poverty - Neighborhood characteristics - School underachievement - Family structure - Drug and alcohol use - Whether friends believe early sexual activity is acceptable (peer influences/pressures) - Early puberty (especially girls)

Answer 88

Parental disapproval (religion, culture, etc.) Sexual education (NOT abstinence programs) Being a narc

Answer 89

Their partner really wanted to They believe boys can’t control their sexual urges they think they will be broken up with if they don’t

Answer 90

Parents should be engaged, communicate about sexual behaviour, and support the girls’ sense of autonomy; they are more likely to have sexual agency if they have some control in the expression of their sexuality. Have conversations with their daughters and give information about their sexual curiosity

Answer 91

The researchers define sexual minority youth as those who do not identify as heterosexual, which includes homosexual behaviour and attraction to another gender.

Answer 92

Half of adult males can recall a same-sex sexual experience during adolescence. This is contrasting to the 2-3% of adult males who identify as gay. This can help inform our understanding of sexual orientation because it means that labeling by sexual orientation isn’t necessarily helpful. Adolescence is a time of sexual exploration.

Answer 93

- Genetic Factors: Higher concordance to identical twins than fraternal, both higher that nontwins and adopted siblings - Prenatal Factors: Under exposure of androgens in males and over exposure in females led to atypical sexual attractions - Childhood Experiences: In a study of 15 years olds, play preferences during toddlerhood were associated with sexual orientation, with the relationship being stronger for boys

Answer 94

The fraternal birth order effect describes a phenomenon in which boys who have older brothers are more likely to be gay – the more brothers they have, the stronger this effect will be. Some possible explanations for this: - Mothers build up antibodies that react against certain male-associated brain proteins when they have male children. These antibodies may influence the sexual development of subsequent male children in utero. The more male children a mother has, the more antibodies she will accumulate. - It may be harder for boys to find behavioural niches that are both unique and masculine if their older brothers are already occupying these niches.

Answer 95

Clubs and Community Organizations can help LGBTQ+ students connect. Schools that have a sexual minority support policy helped students feel more supported (gay-straight alliances).

Answer 96

It can take a while for symptoms to present themselves, thus resulting in the carriers having time periods where they could spread the STI without realizing they are infected.

Answer 97

Chlamydia is the most commonly reported STI, however HPV is noted in Canada to be the most common

Answer 98

In 2010 there were 14 births/1000 teen females, in 2023 there were 4.3 births/1000 teen females. (No 2024/25 data yet)

Answer 99

- The US, relative to Canada and other countries, has a highly restrictive culture surrounding sex. As a result of this taboo, sex education is significantly lacking in the states. - Abstinence-only sex education, less likely to use contraceptives, less access to birth control/abortion services, low SES - Availability of emergency contraception (e.g. morning after pill) - Sexual activity mostly happens without advance planning, this is linked to the fact that US attitudes towards sex are restrictive and to plan for sex means you need to acknowledge it (guilt response). - “20% of American teens–1 in 5–reported not using any contraception the most recent time they had intercourse” - American contraceptive use is getting better, but still lagging behind - Views on pregnancy and young pregnancy differ (US more lax - in Canada, viewed as more adult)

Answer 100

- Adolescents are more likely to experience physical complications like hemorrhage and miscarriage - More likely to drop out of high school and have difficulties finding employment - Higher rates of mental health disorders, repeat pregnancies, substance abuse & domestic violence - Often in the context of lower self-esteem, socio-economic status, income, educational attainment and social support

Answer 101

- The children of adolescents are at increased risk for prenatal death, premature birth and low birth weight. - The children of adolescent mothers may also experience growth and development issues, particularly cognitive and speech and language delays, have higher risk for accidental injury and neglect, and encounter challenges with behaviour and in school. - Later, as adolescents, they are at higher risk for substance use, early sexual activity and becoming adolescent parents themselves.