Exam 2

Question 1

What is homeostasis

Answer 1

Maintaining a balanced & efficient environment within the body.

Question 2

What is steady state

Answer 2

the physiological variable is unchanging however it is not necessarily at a normal resting value.

Question 3

What are the two types of metabolic reactions

Answer 3

Anabolic = builds
Catabolic = breaks

Question 4

3 macronutrients that are used as fuel

Answer 4

carbs, fat & protein

Question 5

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

Answer 5

mitochondria

Question 6

which bioenergetic pathway is used at rest

Answer 6

oxidative phosphorylation - most efficient over a long period of time

Question 7

What is oxygen deficit

Answer 7

the lag in the uptake of O2 at the start of exercise.

Question 8

which hormones are involved in the fight or flight response

Answer 8

epinephrine & norepinephrine

Question 9

what is the rate of O2 consumption at rest

Answer 9

1 MET

Question 10

What term describes elevated oxygen consumption after exercise

Answer 10

EPOC (replenishes phosphocreatine)

Question 11

what is the definition of vo2 max and how can you measure this

Answer 11

the max amount of oxygen the body can utilise during max exercise.
incremental exercise test

Question 12

what is lactate threshold

Answer 12

the work rate at which blood lactic acid rises systematically during incremental exercise.

Question 13

what is a hormone

Answer 13

chemical messenger

Question 14

what mode of cellular communication do hormones use

Answer 14

endocrine signalling

Question 15

where do hormones come from

Answer 15

secreted from the endocrine glands

Question 16

what do hormones do to physiological processes

Answer 16

turn them up or down
they act as a tuner

Question 17

what factors determine the effect of a specific hormone

Answer 17

the amount/actual hormone
needs to have its receptor on the target cell

Question 18

what are the two types of hormones

Answer 18

steroid & second messenger (protein)

Question 19

what is standard treatment for someone with hormone deficiency

Answer 19

hormone replacement therapy

Question 20

what two hormones are secreted by the pancreas

Answer 20

insulin & glucagon

Question 21

what are the input & output arms of the nervous system

Answer 21

input = sensory
output = motor

Question 22

what is the meaning of somatic, autonomic & visceral

Answer 22

somatic = senses (ears/eyes etc)
visceral = blood vessels/organs
autonomic = not consciously controlled

Question 23

what is efferent and afferent signals

Answer 23

afferent = towards the brain
efferent = away from the brain

Question 24

do cells maintain a positive or negative charge

Answer 24

negative

Question 24

what are the sensor & effector of the neuron

Answer 24

sensor = detects stimuli effector = produces response based on the stimuli

Question 25

what is action potential

Answer 25

electron impulse that travels down the axon

Question 26

all or none law

Answer 26

once a nerve impulse is initiated it will travel the whole length of the neuron

Question 27

what do proprioreceptors sense

Answer 27

change in muscle length & force development

Question 28

what do chemo receptors do

Answer 28

detect chemical changes in the body (co2 & o2)

Question 29

what is a motor unit

Answer 29

motor neuron & all the muscle fibres it innervates

Question 30

what is the size principle

Answer 30

smaller motor units are recruited first during exercise

Question 31

what happens to parasympathetic system during exercise

Answer 31

less active as it lowers heart rate

Question 32

what happens to sympathetic system during exercise

Answer 32

more active - increases heart rate & fight or flight response

Question 33

what are concentric, eccentric & isometric contractions

Answer 33

concentric = shorter eccentric = longer isometric = no change in length

Question 34

what is the contractile unit of a muscle

Answer 34

sarcomere

Question 35

what are 2 mechanical proteins of sarcomere

Answer 35

actin & myosin

Question 36

what theory describes how muscles contract

Answer 36

sliding filament theory

Question 37

what are the three main functions of the cardiorespiratory system

Answer 37

transport o2 & nutrients to tissues remove co2 waste regulate body temp

Question 38

where does gas exchange occur

Answer 38

capillaries/alveoli

Question 39

what are systole & diastole

Answer 39

systole = contraction diastole = relaxation

Question 40

what 2 factors influence blood pressure

Answer 40

cardiac output & total vascular resistance

Question 41

what 2 factors regulate cardiac output

Answer 41

heart rate & stroke volume

Question 42

what is the fluid part of blood called

Answer 42

plasma

Question 43

what 2 factors determine air flow

Answer 43

the pressure difference between 2 ends of the airway resistance of the airways

Question 44

how do you calculate pulmonary ventilation

Answer 44

tidal volume x frequency

Question 45

how is o2 transported in the blood

Answer 45

99% via haemoglobin