Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is ABAB Design?
A
A particular type of research design for case studies in which a treatment is alternately applied and removed.
2
Q
What is Analogue Design?
A
A research design that involves an approximation of the target client or situation as a substitute for the actual clients or situations.
3
Q
What is Between-Group Design?
A
A research design in which participants in different conditions, one of which is often a control group, receive different treatments.
4
Q
What are Case Studies?
A
Research methods that involve a thorough and detailed examination of one person or situation.
5
Q
What is a Control Group?
A
The condition or group in a between-subject design that receives no treatment.
6
Q
What are Correlational Methods?
A
Research methods that examine the relationship that exists between two or more variables and in which causality is not implied.
7
Q
What are Cross-Sectional Designs?
A
Research designs that assess or compare a participant or group of participants at one particular point in time.
8
Q
What are Dependent Variables?
A
Variables in an experiment that are expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variables.
9
Q
What is Effectiveness?
A
The success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in which client problems span a wider range and are not chosen as a result of meeting certain diagnostic criteria.
10
Q
What is Efficacy?
A
The success of a particular therapy in a controlled study conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria.
11
Q
What is an Experimental Condition?
A
The condition or group in a between-subject design that receives the treatment being examined.
12
Q
What is the Experimental Method?
A
A research process that follows a number of discrete, sequential steps including observation of events, hypothesis development, definition of independent and dependent variables, empirical testing of the hypothesis, and altering the hypothesis according to results obtained.
13
Q
What is External Validity?
A
The generalizability of research results, or the extent to which a particular finding is valid for different settings and populations.
14
Q
What is the Idiographic Approach?
A
An approach to research emphasizing or revealing the unique qualities of each person.
15
Q
What are Independent Variables?
A
Variables in an experiment that are manipulated by the experimenter and are typically hypothesized to influence dependent variables.
16
Q
What is Internal Validity?
A
The extent to which the change in the dependent variable is due solely to the change in the independent variable.
17
Q
What are Longitudinal Designs?
A
Research designs that emphasize changes across time, often making within-group comparisons from one point in time to another.
18
Q
What is Meta-Analysis?
A
A statistical method of combining results of separate studies to create a summation of the findings.
19
Q
What is a Mixed-Group Design?
A
A research design that combines aspects of between-group and within-groups.
20
Q
What is the Nomothetic Approach?
A
An approach to research emphasizing the determination of similarities or common qualities among people.
21
Q
What is Quasi-Experimental Design?
A
A type of research design used when truly experimental design is not feasible.
22
Q
What are Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs)?
A
A research method for assessing the efficacy of a manualized therapy in which participants are randomly assigned to a group that receives the therapy or a group that does not.
23
Q
What is Treatment Outcome?
A
A common area of research for clinical psychologists focusing on the assessment of the benefits of psychological treatments.
24
Q
What is a Within-Group Design?
A
A research design that involves comparisons of participants in a single condition to themselves at various points in time.
25
What is the Categorial Approach?
An approach to diagnosis based on the notion that an individual either has or does not have a particular disorder.
26
What is the Dimensional Approach?
An approach to diagnosis based on the issue of severity of an individual’s symptoms on a continuum or dimension, rather than the presence or absence of disorder.
27
What is DSM-I?
The first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published in 1952.
28
What is DSM-II?
The second edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published in 1968.
29
What is DSM-III?
The third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published in 1980.
30
What is DSM-III-R?
A revision of the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published in 1987.
31
What is DSM-IV?
The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published in 1994.
32
What is DSM-IV-TR?
A text revision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published in 2000.
33
What is DSM-5?
The fifth and current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published in May 2013.
34
What is the Harmful Dysfunction Theory?
A theory of abnormality stating that the definition of disorder should include aspects of harmfulness (which is more socially determined) and dysfunction (which is more scientifically determined).
35
What is the Medical Model of Psychopathology?
A method of defining mental disorders in which each disorder is an entity defined categorically and features a list of specific symptoms.
36
What is Multiaxial Assessment?
An approach to assessment introduced in DSM-III by which mental health professionals can provide diagnostic information on each of five distinct axes or domains.
37
What is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)?
A provisional or proposed mental disorder characterized by severe premenstrual symptoms, possibly including depressed mood, anxiety, affective lability, and decreased interest in activities.
38
What is a Proposed Criteria Set?
A set of symptoms described in Section III of DSM-5 and under consideration for inclusion as an official disorder in a future edition of the DSM.
39
What is Psychopathology?
Forms of behavior often labeled as mental disorders, mental illness, or psychiatric diagnoses.
40
Assessment
A common professional activity of clinical psychologists in which clients are evaluated or appraised via clinical interviews, testing, observation, or other means.
41
Attending Behaviors
Fundamental aspects of listening, including eye contact, body language, vocal qualities, and verbal tracking.
42
Being Self-Aware
A general skill for clinical interviewers involving the ability to know how the interviewer might affect others interpersonally and how others tend to relate to him or her.
43
Body Language
In the context of the clinical interview, a behavior that can communicate strong nonverbal messages.
44
Clarification
A clinical interview technique designed to make sure the interviewer has an accurate understanding of the client’s comments.
45
Clinical Interview
A common assessment technique used by clinical psychologists involving a purposeful conversation with clients characterized by questions and answers.
46
Clinical Utility
In psychological assessment, the extent to which a technique benefits the clinician and ultimately the client in a meaningful way.
47
Closed-Ended Question
An interview question that allows for far less elaboration and self-expression by the client but yields a quick and precise answer.
48
Conclusion
A clinical interview technique that may involve summarization, an initial conceptualization, a diagnosis, or recommendations.
49
Confrontation
A clinical interview technique used when the interviewer notices discrepancies or inconsistencies in the client’s comments.
50
Crisis Interview
A type of clinical interview designed to assess a problem demanding urgent attention and provide immediate and effective intervention.
51
Developing Positive Working Relationships
A general skill for clinical interviewers often facilitated by attentive listening, appropriate empathy, genuine respect, and cultural sensitivity.
52
Diagnostic Interview
A type of clinical interview in which the primary purpose is to diagnose the client’s problems.
53
Directive
An approach by which interviewers obtain the information they need by asking clients specifically for it.
54
Intake Interview
A type of clinical interview in which the primary purpose is to determine whether to 'intake' the client to the setting where the interview is taking place.
55
Listening
A simple yet vital task for the clinical psychologist, especially in the context of the clinical interview.
56
Mental Status Exam
A type of clinical interview often used in medical settings, primarily to assess how the client is functioning at the time of the evaluation.
57
Nondirective
An approach by which interviewers allow clients to determine the course of the interview.
58
Open-Ended Question
An interview question that allows for individualized and spontaneous responses from clients.
59
Paraphrasing
A clinical interview technique used to assure clients that they are being accurately heard.
60
Quieting Yourself
A general skill for clinical interviewers involving the minimization of internal, self-directed thoughts that can distract the interviewer.
61
Rapport
A positive, comfortable relationship between clinician and client, especially important in the context of the clinical interview.
62
Reflection of Feeling
A clinical interview technique intended to make clients feel that their emotions are recognized.
63
Reliability
In psychological assessment, the extent to which a technique yields consistent, repeatable results.
64
Semistructured Interview
A clinical interview that has some characteristics of structured interviews as well as some characteristics of unstructured interviews.
65
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders (SCID)
An interview with a predetermined, planned sequence of questions that an interviewer asks a client.
66
Structured Interview
An interview with a predetermined, planned sequence of questions that an interviewer asks a client.
67
Summarizing
A clinical interview technique that usually involves tying together various topics discussed and identifying recurring themes.
68
Technique
The procedures and methods (types of questions) used by the interviewer in the context of the clinical interview.
69
Unstructured Interview
An interview that involves no predetermined or planned questions and in which interviewers determine the course of the interview as it takes place.
70
Validity
In psychological assessment, the extent to which a technique measures what it claims to measure.
71
Verbal Tracking
The ability to repeat key words and phrases back to clients to assure them that they have been accurately heard.
72
Vocal Qualities
Pitch, tone, volume, and fluctuations of voice that are important to appreciate and use effectively.
73
What is Achievement?
In contrast to intelligence, it refers to what a person has accomplished, especially in academic subjects.
74
What are Achievement Tests?
Type of standardized tests used to measure how much students have learned in specific content areas, including reading, mathematics, science, and social studies.
75
What is the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test - Second Edition (Bender-Gestalt-II)?
The current edition of a brief neuropsychological screen in which clients are asked to copy simple geometric designs.
76
What is the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory of Intelligence?
A theory that combines elements of Cattell’s, Horn’s, and Carroll’s theories, arranging abilities as broad and specific factors.
77
What is Crystallized Intelligence?
The body of knowledge one has accumulated as a result of life experiences.
78
What is Cultural Fairness?
The extent to which an intelligence test is based on universal rather than culture-specific concepts or methods.
79
What is Fluid Intelligence?
The ability to reason when faced with novel problems.
80
What is Fluid Reasoning?
The ability to solve novel problems; also one of the five factor scores of the Standford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Fifth Edition.
81
What is a Full-Scale Intelligence Score?
A feature of most contemporary tests of intelligence indicating overall or general level of intelligence.
82
What does 'g' represent?
An abbreviation for general intelligence, posited by Charles Spearman and others.
83
What is the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRB)?
A relatively popular, comprehensive battery of eight standardized neuropsychological tests.
84
What is the Hierarchical Model of Intelligence?
A model where specific abilities play an important role but are related to a global, overall, general intelligence.
85
What are Index Scores?
A feature of most contemporary tests of intelligence indicating intellectual ability in broad areas.
86
What is Intelligence?
Aptitude or intellect; its definition has long been debated among psychologists.
87
What are Intelligence Tests?
Psychological tests that measure a client’s intellectual abilities.
88
Who is James Cattell?
A leading figure in the study of intelligence who proposed separate fluid and crystallized intelligence.
89
Who is John Carroll?
A contemporary leader in the study of intelligence who proposed the three-stratum theory of intelligence.
90
What is Knowledge?
General information accumulated over time via personal experiences; also one of five factor scores of the Standford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Fifth Edition.
91
What is the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB)?
A relatively popular, comprehensive battery of 12 standardized neuropsychological scales.
92
What is NEPSY-II?
A battery of neuropsychological tests designed specifically for children.
93
What are Neuropsychological Tests?
Psychological tests that focus on cognitive or brain dysfunction, including effects of brain injuries and illness.
94
What is Normative Data?
A sample of test-result data gathered by creators of a psychological test for comparison.
95
What is the Perceptual Reasoning Index?
A measure of fluid reasoning, spatial processing, and visual-motor integration; also one of four index scores from the Wechsler tests.
96
What is the Processing Speed Index?
A measure of the ability to process simple information rapidly and accurately; also one of four index scores from the Wechsler tests.
97
What is Quantitative Reasoning?
The ability to solve numerical problems; also one of the five factor scores of the Standford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Fifth Edition.
98
What is the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS)?
A neuropsychological screen focusing on abilities like visuomotor skills, verbal skills, attention, and visual memory.
99
What is the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test?
A neuropsychological screen involving the reproduction of a single, complex geometric figure.
100
What does 's' represent?
An abbreviation for specific intelligence that may not correlate with one another.
101
What is Specific Learning Disorder?
A diagnosis based on academic achievement falling significantly below expected levels for the same age.
102
What is the Standford-Binet Intelligence Scales-Fifth Edition (SB5)?
The current edition of a prominent test of intelligence for individuals across the life span.
103
What are Subtest Scores?
A feature of most contemporary tests indicating intellectual ability in specifically defined areas.
104
What is the Three-Stratum Theory of Intelligence?
A theory that intelligence operates at three levels: a single 'g' at the top, 8 broad factors beneath 'g', and over 60 specific abilities.
105
Who is Louis Thurstone?
A pioneer in the study of intelligence who argued for numerous distinct abilities rather than a single unified ability.
106
What is the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test-2 (UNIT-2)?
A recently published intelligence test designed to be entirely language-free for cultural fairness.
107
What is the Verbal Comprehension Index?
A measure of verbal concept formation and reasoning; also one of four index scores from the Wechsler tests.
108
What is Visual-Spatial Processing?
The ability to analyze visually presented information; also one of five factor scores of the Standford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Fifth Edition.
109
What is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV)?
The current edition of a prominent intelligence test for adults.
110
What is the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test - Fourth Edition (WIAT-IV)?
The current edition of a prominent intelligence test for adults.
111
What is the Wechsler Memory Scale - Fourth Edition (WMS-IV)?
A scale of visual and auditory memory involving both immediate and delayed recall.
112
What is the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence - Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV)?
The current edition of a prominent intelligence test for preschoolers.
113
What is Working Memory?
The ability to hold and transform information in short-term memory; also one of five factor scores of the Standford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Fifth Edition.
114
What is the Working Memory Index?
A measure of the capacity to store, transform, and recall information in short-term memory; also one of four index scores from the Wechsler tests.
115
What is Aaron Beck known for?
A leader in the field of cognitive psychotherapy and the developer of the concepts of the cognitive triad and common thought distortions.
116
What is the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)?
The current edition of a brief objective test that assesses depression.
117
What is Behavioral Assessment?
An approach to assessment that assumes that clients' behaviors are the problem, not signs of underlying issues.
118
What is the Children’s Apperception Test (CAT)?
A projective test similar to the Thematic Apperception Test, created specifically for children.
119
What is a Clinical Scale?
One of 10 scales on the MMPI and MMPI-2 indicating the extent to which an individual endorses symptoms of a particular category.
120
What is the Comprehensive System?
The leading scoring system for the Rorschach Inkblot Method, created by John Exner.
121
What is Empirical Criterion Keying?
The method of test construction used in the creation of the MMPI, involving distinct groups responding to the same test items.
122
What is Evidence-Based Assessment?
An approach to assessment emphasizing methods with strong psychometrics, clinical utility, and sensitivity to diversity.
123
What is the Five Factor Model of Personality?
A theory identifying fundamental traits of human personality, forming the basis of the NEO-PI-R personality test.
124
Who is John Exner?
Creator of the Comprehensive System of scoring for the Rorschach Inkblot Method.
125
What is the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV)?
Current version of a comprehensive objective personality test that emphasizes personality disorders.
126
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF)?
Current version of the most widely used comprehensive objective personality test, published in 1989.
127
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3)?
A revision of the most widely used comprehensive objective personality test, published in 2020.
128
What is Multimethod Assessment?
An approach to assessment incorporating multiple methods, including tests, interviews, and observations.
129
What is Naturalistic Observation?
The direct, systematic observation of a client’s behavior in their natural environment.
130
What is the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI)?
A short form of the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised that produces a less detailed personality profile.
131
What is the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3)?
The current edition of an objective personality test emphasizing normal personality characteristics.
132
What is Overpathologizing?
Viewing as psychopathological that which is culturally common or accepted.
133
Who is Paul Costa?
With Robert McCrae, an author of the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised.
134
What is a Performance-Based Personality Test?
A personality test where individuals project their characteristics via responses to ambiguous stimuli.
135
What is the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)?
An objective personality test for adults with a low reading level and multiple clinical scales tied to specific diagnoses.
136
What is the Projective Personality Test Hermann Rorschach?
A personality test where individuals project their characteristics via responses to ambiguous stimuli.
137
Who is Robert McCrae?
With Paul Costa, an author of the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised.
138
What is the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS)?
A scoring system for the Rorschach published in 2011, offering improvements over previous systems.
139
What is the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB)?
The most commonly used sentence completion test.
140
What is the Senior Apperception Test (SAT)?
A projective test similar to the Thematic Apperception Test created specifically for older adults.
141
What are Sentence Completion Tests?
Projective personality tests where individuals complete sentence stems.
142
Who is Theodore Millon?
A widely recognized scholar on personality disorders and the creator of the MCMI personality tests.
143
What are Test-Taking Attitudes?
The manner in which the test taker approaches a test, measured by the validity scales of the MMPI and MMPI-2.
144
What is Traditional Personality Assessment?
An approach assuming personality is a stable construct, requiring inference to assess underlying problems.
145
What are Validity Scales?
Scales of the MMPI and MMPI-2 that inform the psychologist about the client’s approach to the test.
