Exam 2 Flashcards
At what age do kids master concrete operations?
7-11 years of age
Define Piaget’s logical operations,
“an internalised system of actions that is fully reversible.”
What happens when a concrete operational child is faced with discrepancy between thought and perception?
Concrete Operations child makes reasoning-based decision, as oposed to perceptual-based decisions.
What is the link between Egocentrism and Socialization, according to Piaget?
According to Piaget, liberation from egocentrism comes mainly through social interaction with peers.
“Argument is therefore the backbone of verification (of our own ideas).”
What is Cenration?
Perceptions center on a single on a limited perceptual aspect of a stimulus.
Concrete thoughts become decentered.
What is Transformation?
Preoperational childeren can’t perceive transformations as continuous, they register them as series of consecutive steps.
Concrete operations childeren understand transformations in physical world as well as in affect: how does something make someone feel, and why they transform from happy to sad.
What is reversibility?
Concrete operations child can mentally reverse balls in a opaque cylinder upon its 180 degrees rotation (inversion).
In response to liquid conservation problem, Concrete Operations child can explain that the liquid amount is equal, byt the wider water level appears lower while th narrower glass’ water level appears higher. ** (reciprocity or compensation)**.
Conservation types, age of mastery?
Number - 6-7
Area and mass - 7-8
Volume - 10-11
What are the four characteristics of operations?
- Action that can be internalized or carried out in thought as well as materially.
- It is reversible.
- It always supposes some conservation and some invariance.
- It never exists alone; it is always related to a system of operations.
What is Classification?
Mentally grouping objects according to similarities.
Level 1: Putting together 2 objects at the time. 4-5 year old.
Level 2: Putting together objects that share one characteristics. No understanding of class inclusion (class and sub-class). Through 7 years old.
Level 3: Class inclusion: kids can classify along many different characteristics. Consider similarities AND differences.
What is Causality?
Develop during concrete operational stage.
Sugar in water example:
Level 1: 5-7: dissapears.
Level 2: 7-8: substance is retained w/out volume or weight.
Level 3: 9-10: sugar’s weight is retained.
Level 4: 11-12: weight and volume are retained.
At what age does concept of velocity appear?
velocity = speed/time
Understanding of velocity comes around 10-11.
Begining of understanding about 8.
What is seriation?
Ordering objects according to differences in size, weight, or volume.
Ordering 10 sticks accordint to length:
Level 1:4 years or less, no order.
Level 2: 4-5 years, ordering pairs.
Level 3 (and some2): 5-7 years, transitional, up to 4 sticks correctly. Cannot do it in their heads, though.
Level 4 (and some 3): 7-8 years, all ten sticks in order, level 3 kids use trial and error a lot.
What is transitivity?
If A is less than B and B is less than C, then A must be less than C.
Typically develops around 7 years.
How does affect evolve in Concrete Operations stage?
Age 7-8: preoperational egocentrism dissapears slowly, and ability to cooperate appears.
Shows itself in ability to agree on and follow game rules.
Affect acquires a measure of stability and consistency.
As feelings are conserved/remembered, they are related to prior feelings.
Kids can conserve feelings and values.
Logic to reasoning based on feelings emerges.
What is the will, according to Piaget?
When a conflict of two tendencies is present (like desire and obligation), a person showcases the will when they choose to fulfill an obligation despite a desire to do something else.
What is Autonomy, according to Piaget?
Ability to make one’s own moral evaluations, perform freely his own acts of will, and exhibit moral feelings.
Autonomy is self-regulation.
Autonomy is linked to mutual respect based on ability to understand other’s point of view.
Ability to follow rules, new understanding of lying and accidents.
What happens when the child goes from concrete to formal operations?
Concrete thought is limited to solving tangible concrete problems known in the present.
Concrete operation childeren can’t reason about complex, verbal problems involving propositions, hypothetical problems, or the future.
Concrete reasoning is content-bound - tied to experience.
Formal Operations child can reason independently of past and present experiences.
F.O. child can make generalizations and use theories and hypothesies in problem solving.
Several operations can be used simultaneously and systematically to work on a problem.
F.O. allow for scientific reasoning, reflecting high degree of causation.
What is Hypothetical-Deductive reasoning?
Deductive reasoning is reasoning from premises to conclusion or from general to specific.
Hypothetical deductive reasoning is the ability to deduct conclusions from premises that are hypotheses rather than facts that the subject has experienced.
People with Formal Operations can reasons about hypothetical problems entirely in their minds and deduce logical conclusions.
Problem example: any transivity problem, or “suppose the coal is while” based problem.
What is Scientific-Inductive Reasoning?
Inductive Reasoning is reasoning from specific facts to general conclusions. Main reasoning used by scientists.
Scientific reasoning includes thinking about many variables at once.
Examples: the colorless chemical liquid problem (five jars with clear liquid, one of which has an eye dropper in it. Objective: to turn liquid in the other jars yellow by combining liquids).
The pendulum problem: what variable has an effect on the rate of pendulum swing:weight, length of string, or force of push. Even though these are concrete problems, the key ideas are not concrete.
What is combinatorial reasoning?
Ability to reason about many variables at once.
Formal reasoning: relationships between variables is constructed through reasoning and verified through systematic experimentation.
What is reflective abstraction?
Reflective abstraction is a construction of logical-mathematical knowledge, or knowledge constructed from physical or menthal actions on objects.
Always involves an abstraction from a lower to higher level.
F.O. kids can construct new knowledge from internal reflection alone.
Example: analogies.
Contents of Formal Thought?
Propositional, or Combinatorial, Operations: pendulum problem. Thinking is logical, abstract, and systemic.
Formal Operational Schemes: proportion (sesaw balance) and probability.
Affective development in adolescents
Idealistic feelings.
Logic-based egocentrism: “If it’s not logical, it’s not good.”
Development of one’s personality, a fusion of one’s work with one’s individuality. Final (but not last) adaptation. Self is directed at self; personality is directed at the world.
Moral development: codification of rules, recognition of role of intent in lying (10-11), Recognition that not lying is necessery for cooperation. Justice: at 11 or 12, kids consider intentions and situational variables when speaking of punishment (equity).
