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Biol 201 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of cell division in a multicellular organism?

A

For growth, it increases the number of cells, helps tissues and organs expand in size, and repairs damaged cells. For reproduction, meiosis reduces chromosome number in half, allowing for genetic diversity during fertilization.

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2
Q

Name and identify the ploidy of chromosomes in different cell types

A

haploid (n), diploid (2n), triploid (3n)

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3
Q

What is the organization and packaging of chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes can be condensed or decondensed. Decondensed chromatin appears relaxed and unwound, making it easier to read and replicate DNA(interphase), while condensed chromatin is tightly wound around histones and packaged into chromosomes(mitosis).

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4
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

The stages are G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and Mitosis. G1, G2, and S are part of interphase.

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5
Q

What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

The cell is growing and preparing for DNA replication.

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6
Q

What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

DNA is replicated, resulting in two sister chromatids for each chromosome.

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7
Q

What occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

A

The cell continues to grow, synthesizes proteins, and prepares for mitosis.

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8
Q

What occurs during mitosis?

A

The parent cell splits into two diploid daughter cells with identical DNA.

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9
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The chromosomes condense and become visible.

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10
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align with each other on the metaphase plate.

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11
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate at the centromere and are pulled apart by spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell.

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12
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Two new nuclear membranes form around the separated chromatids.

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13
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm splits into two daughter cells.

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14
Q

What is the ploidy and chromatin configuration at G1 phase?

A

Decondensed unreplicated 2n.

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15
Q

What is the ploidy and chromatin configuration at S phase?

A

Decondensed replicated 2n.

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16
Q

What is the ploidy and chromatin configuration at G2 phase?

A

Decondensed replicated 2n.

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17
Q

What is the ploidy and chromatin configuration during prophase?

A

Condensed replicated 2n.

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18
Q

What is the ploidy and chromatin configuration during metaphase?

A

Condensed replicated 2n.

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19
Q

What is the ploidy and chromatin configuration during anaphase?

A

Condensed replicated 2n.

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20
Q

What is the ploidy and chromatin configuration during telophase?

A

Decondensed unreplicated 2n.

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21
Q

What is the ploidy and chromatin configuration during cytokinesis?

A

Decondensed unreplicated 2n.

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22
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA (transcription) -> RNA (translation) -> Proteins.

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23
Q

What are the differences between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA is single-stranded, contains uracil (U), has ribose sugar, is less stable, and stores short-term information. DNA is double-stranded, contains thymine (T), has deoxyribose sugar, is more stable, and stores long-term information.

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24
Q

What are the steps of transcription?

A

Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, unwinds DNA, and starts RNA synthesis. Elongation: RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
Termination: RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence, releasing the RNA strand.

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25
Initiation
26
What is the role of the DNA template strand in transcription?
It serves as the guide for RNA synthesis, read by RNA polymerase in the 3' to 5' direction.
27
What is the role of the promoter in transcription?
It signals the start of a gene and tells RNA polymerase where to bind.
28
What is the function of the 5' cap in eukaryotic gene processing?
It protects mRNA from degradation, helps ribosomes recognize and bind to mRNA, and assists in nuclear export.
29
What is the function of the 3' poly-A tail in eukaryotic gene processing?
It stabilizes mRNA, aids in nuclear export, and regulates mRNA stability in the cytoplasm.
30
What is splicing in eukaryotic gene processing?
The process of removing introns and joining exons together to produce a continuous coding sequence.
31
What are the properties of the genetic code?
The genetic code is conservative, non-overlapping, redundant, universal, and unambiguous. Triplet codons provide enough unique combinations for amino acids.
32
What are the start and stop codons in the genetic code?
Start codon: AUG (methionine). Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA.
33
What is a silent mutation?
A nucleotide change that does not affect the polypeptide sequence.
34
What is a missense mutation?
A nucleotide change that results in a different amino acid, potentially causing a small to large effect.
35
What is a Silent Mutation?
A nucleotide changes, but the codon still codes for the same amino acid. ## Footnote Example: GCU → GCC (Both code for Alanine)
36
What is the effect of a Silent Mutation on the polypeptide sequence?
No effect on the polypeptide sequence.
37
What is a Missense Mutation?
A nucleotide change results in a different amino acid. ## Footnote Example: GCU → GGU (Alanine → Glycine)
38
What is the effect of a Missense Mutation on the polypeptide sequence?
Small to large effect, depending on how chemically different the new amino acid is and where it occurs in the protein.
39
What is a Nonsense Mutation?
A nucleotide change creates a premature stop codon. ## Footnote Example: UAC → UAA (Tyrosine → Stop codon)
40
What is the effect of a Nonsense Mutation on the polypeptide sequence?
Large effect — the protein is truncated (shortened) and often nonfunctional.
41
What is an Insertion Mutation?
One or more nucleotides added, shifting the reading frame.
42
What is the effect of an Insertion Mutation on the polypeptide sequence?
Large effect — every codon downstream changes, leading to a completely different and often nonfunctional protein. ## Footnote Example: Original: AUG-GCU-ACG; Insertion of 'C': AUG-CGC-UAC-G... (Frame shifts, changing the entire sequence)
43
What is a Deletion Mutation?
One or more nucleotides removed, also shifting the reading frame.
44
What is the effect of a Deletion Mutation on the polypeptide sequence?
Large effect, similar to insertion — different and likely nonfunctional protein. ## Footnote Example: Original: AUG-GCU-ACG; Deletion of 'G': AUG-CUA-CG... (Frame shifts)
45
What is the process of translation?
The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template.
46
What occurs during the Initiation stage of translation?
The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA near the start codon (AUG), and a tRNA carrying methionine pairs with the start codon.
47
What occurs during the Elongation stage of translation?
A new tRNA enters the A site, a peptide bond forms, and the ribosome shifts one codon forward, repeating the process.
48
What occurs during the Termination stage of translation?
When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, a release factor binds, triggering the release of the polypeptide chain and disassembly of the ribosome.
49
What are the similarities in translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Both have the same three stages: initiation, elongation, termination; use ribosomes to read mRNA; and build polypeptide chains one amino acid at a time.
50
What are the differences in translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes: Cytoplasm, simultaneous transcription & translation; Eukaryotes: Cytoplasm after mRNA processing, translation only after transcription.
51
What is the role of mRNA in translation?
Carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome, where it is translated into a protein sequence.
52
What is the role of the ribosome in translation?
Reads the mRNA and assembles amino acids into a polypeptide chain.
53
What is the role of tRNA in translation?
Carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches its anticodon with the mRNA codon.
54
What is the role of amino acids in translation?
Building blocks of proteins that are linked together in a specific sequence dictated by the mRNA code.
55
What is the role of the Start Codon (AUG) in translation?
Signals the beginning of translation and codes for the amino acid methionine.
56
What is the role of Stop Codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) in translation?
Signals the end of translation, causing the ribosome to halt and release the polypeptide chain.
57
What is the role of a Peptide Bond in translation?
Forms between adjacent amino acids during elongation, catalyzed by peptidyl transferase activity in the ribosome.
58
What is the role of a Release Factor in translation?
Binds to the ribosome when a stop codon is encountered, promoting the release of the polypeptide chain.
59
What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno Sequence in prokaryotes?
Helps align the ribosome with the start codon during initiation.
60
What is the role of the 5' Cap in eukaryotes?
Helps in ribosome binding to mRNA and protects mRNA from degradation.
61
What is the role of the Poly-A Tail in eukaryotes?
Stabilizes the mRNA and aids in initiation and translation efficiency.
62
What is the relationship between mRNA and tRNA?
A codon on mRNA specifies an amino acid and is matched by a complementary anticodon on tRNA, ensuring correct amino acid addition.
63

Biol 201 (2 decks)

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