Exam 2 Flashcards
Early Childhood is what ages?
2-6
Physical changes in early childhood:
Girls have more fatty tissue, boys have more muscle tissue
What is Piaget’s 2nd Stage? Ages?
Preoperational stage; ages 2-7
Examples of Piaget’s 2nd Stage:
Children don’t perform operations-reversible mental actions yet; able to mentally represent an object that is not present; children engage in pretend play
Limitations from Piaget’s 2nd Stage:
Egocentrism and animism; conservation and centration
inability to distinguish one’s own perspective from someone else’s
egocentrism
belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
animism
Altering a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties
conservation
Centering attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
centration
Piaget and Vygotsky are both?
cognitive
Vygotsky’s social constructivist approach
Construction of knowledge through social interaction
Zone of Proximal development (ZPD)
Range of tasks that are too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidance
Scaffolding
Adults provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed; Adults withdraw support as children advance
Theory of Mind
Awareness of the presence and distinction of one’s own mental process and the mental processes of others
Erik Erikson 3 main points:
- 8 Psychosocial stages
- Lifelong development
- Each stage has a developmental challenge
Erikson Stage 3:
Initiative Vs Guilt (3-6 years)
Initiative
- Desire to act independently of parents and become autonomous.
- Children will explore and play with everything in their environment.
- Exploring their social world through conversation and playing games.
Guilt
Unintended consequences resulting in shame and self-doubt
gender identity
sense of being male or female
gender roles
Sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel
social role theory
Gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men.
Social hierarchy and division of labor are important:
In most cultures, women have less power and status than men
Social cognitive theory
Children’s gender development occurs through observation and imitation of what other people say and do
Authoritarian parenting
Restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort
Authoritative parenting
Encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on
their actions
Neglectful parenting
- The parent is uninvolved in the child’s life
- Show no responsiveness and no control
indulgent parenting
Parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them
Types of child maltreatment
- Physical abuse
- Child neglect
- Sexual abuse
- Emotional abuse
Are children better adjusted in intact, never-divorced families than in divorced families?
Yes
Middle and Late Childhood ages:
8-12
Body Growth and Change:
- Grow an average of 2–3 inches per year
- Gain an average of 5–7 pounds a year
Learning Disability
often a problem related to reading
Piaget
- Cognitive development
- 4 stages
- Changes in thinking
- Limitations in thinkin
Piaget’s 3rd Stage:
Concrete Operational Stage (ages 7-11)
3rd Stage aspect:
conservation develops
Gardner’s 8 frames of mind:
- Verbal
- Mathematical
- Spatial
- Bodily-kinesthetic
*Musical - Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Naturalist
Self-esteem
Global evaluations of the self
Self-concept
Domain-specific evaluations of the self
Erik Erikson’s 4th Stage:
Industry versus inferiority (6 to 12 years old)
Inferiority
Parents who see their children’s efforts as “mischief” or “making a mess” may encourage inferiority
Kohlberg: 3 levels of Moral Development
- Preconventional:
-Children interpret good and bad in terms of external rewards and punishments. - Conventional:
-Individuals apply certain standards, set by others, such as parents. - Postconventional:
-The person recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.
-Moral reasoning is based on their own, internal ideas of what is right and wrong.
Co-regulation
Some control is transferred from parent to child
