Exam 2

Question 1

What are lamellae?

Answer 1

paired folds of the thylakoid membrane

Question 2

What are grana stacks?

Answer 2

stacked thylakoids

Question 3

What is the stroma?

Answer 3

the soluble portion of a chloroplast contained within the inner membrane; holds DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

Question 4

Which organelle has a more complete genome?

Answer 4

chloroplasts because they underwent endosymbiosis later in evolutionary history

Question 5

What is a proplastid?

Answer 5

develops into a certain type of plastid based on the cell type, such as a chloroplast

Question 6

What do the light reactions do?

Answer 6

capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy as NADPH and ATP

Question 7

Where do the light reaction occur?

Answer 7

associated with the thylakoid membrane

Question 8

What do the dark reactions do?

Answer 8

use energy from ATP and NADPH produced from light reactions drive process of creating hexose sugar from CO2

Question 9

Where are the dark reactions located?

Answer 9

the stroma

Question 10

What are three light harvesting pigments used by organisms?

Answer 10

1) chlorophyll
2) B-Carotene
3) phycocyanobilin

Question 11

What are the four possible fates of light energy absorbed by a photosynthetic pigment?

Answer 11

1) loss as heat
2) loss as light
3) resonance energy transfer
4) energy transduction

Question 12

What is energy transduction?

Answer 12

excitation energy changes reduction potential of a pigment, making it a better electron donor

Question 13

What is resonance energy transfer?

Answer 13

excitation energy is transferred to a neighboring molecule

Question 14

What is phytol?

Answer 14

the hydrophobic side chain of chlorophyll that anchors it in the thylakoid membrane

Question 15

Where do protons collect in the photosynthesis proton gradient?

Answer 15

thylakoid lumen

Question 16

What is the electron acceptor of photosystem II?

Answer 16

plastoquinone

Question 17

What is the electron acceptor of cytochrome f?

Answer 17

plastocyanin

Question 18

what is the electron acceptor of photosystem I?

Answer 18

ferrodoxin

Question 19

What is the quantum yield of photosynthesis?

Answer 19

3 ATP synthesized per input of 8 photons of light

Question 20

What are the products of photorespiration?

Answer 20

3-phosphglycerate and phosphoglycolate > dephophorylated to glyoxylate > transaminated to glycine

Question 21

What is fission?

Answer 21

division of mitochondria via constriction by DRP1

Question 22

What is fusion?

Answer 22

2 out membrane GTPases and inner membrane OPA1 mediate fusion of mitochondria and

Question 23

What do abnormalities in mitochondrial dynamics result in?

Answer 23

cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, endocrine, and neoplastic diseases

Question 24

What is complex 1 of the electron transport chain?

Answer 24

NADH dehydrogenase

Question 25

What is complex 2 of the electron transport chain?

Answer 25

Succinate dehydrogenase

Question 26

What is complex 3 of the electron transport chain?

Answer 26

UQ-Cytochrome-C reductase

Question 27

What is complex 4 of the electron transport chain?

Answer 27

Cytochrome-C oxidase

Question 28

How to calculate energy stored in a proton gradient (deltaG)?

Answer 28

RTln(Hout/Hin) + (protoncharge)(fardays constant)(potentialdifferenceacrossmembrane)

Question 29

Ft of ATP synthase

Answer 29

catalyzes ATP synthesis

Question 30

Fo of ATP synthase

Answer 30

forms pore/channel that protons diffuse through

Question 31

Inhibitors of cytochrome c?

Answer 31

cyanide, azide, carbon monoxide

Question 32

Inhibitor of ATP synthase?

Answer 32

oligomycin

Question 33

Inhibitor of complex 1?

Answer 33

rotenone, amytal, demerol

Question 34

What are some uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 34

2,4-Dinitrophenol Dieumarol FCCP

Question 35

What do uncouplers do?

Answer 35

uncouple electron transport chain from ATP synthase by dissipating the proton gradient

Question 36

How do uncouplers work?

Answer 36

dissipate the proton gradient by shuttling protons back and forth across the inter membrane

Question 37

Why do organisms utilize uncouplers? Examples?

Answer 37

to generate heat, released from electron transport; hibernation and heating floral spikes

Question 38

What is ATP translocase?

Answer 38

facilitates movement of ATP out of mitochondria

Question 39

What is a P/O ratio?

Answer 39

the molecules of ATP formed per 2 electrons in oxidative phosphorylation

Question 40

What is the P/O ratio for electrons entering as NADH?

Answer 40

2.7 ATP

Question 41

What is the P/O ration for electrons entering as succinate?

Answer 41

1.6 ATP